Research Article
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Pandemi Öncesi Dönemde Sigara Tüketimindeki Kulüp Yakınsaması ve Sağlık Politikaları

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: Special Issue, 71 - 77, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.859119

Abstract

Amaç: Türkiye son yıllarda tütün talebinin azaltılmasında özellikle fiyat önlemleri ve fiyat dışı önlemler olmak üzere iki çeşit politika uygulamıştır. Hükümet, öncelikle kapalı tüm işyerlerinde ve halka açık yerlerde sigara içilmesini yasakladı. Sonrasında, 2009 yılında yasağı tüm restoranları, kafeteryaları ve konaklama sektörünü kapsayacak şekilde genişleterek tüm ülkeye yaydı. 2010 yılına gelindiğinde ise tütün ürünleri için özel tüketim vergisi yüzde 20 arttırıldı. Bu çalışma, bir kulüp yakınsama testi kullanarak Türkiye'deki şehirler arasında sigara tüketimindeki bölgesel farklılıkları incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki sigara tüketiminin yıllık değişimleri betimsel sonuçlar halinde bölgesel bazda rapor edilmiştir. Daha sonra ise sigara tüketimindeki bölgesel farklılıklar, aylık il düzeyinde veriler kullanılarak ve kulüp yakınsaması analizinden faydalanılarak, pandemi öncesi dönemi kapsayacak şekilde 2009-2017 yılları için araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar tütün karşıtı politikaların ilk etkilerinin sigara kullanımında önemli bir düşüşe neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, farklı bölgelerdeki tüketicilerin politika değişikliklerine aynı tepkileri vermediği görülmüştür. Kulüp yakınsaması sonuçlarına göre tüm Türkiye için ortak bir tütün politikasını takip etmek doğru olmayacaktır çünkü Türkiye’deki sigara tüketimi ortak bir değere yakınsamamaktadır.
Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre merkezi otoritenin yetki paylaşımı yapması ve yerel yönetimlerin tütün karşıtı politikalar konusunda inisiyatif alabilmesinin kolaylaştırılması sağlanmalıdır. Politika yapıcılara farklı bölgeler için farklı politika uygulamaları başlatmaları gerektiğini tavsiye etmekteyiz. Dahası, pandemi perspektifinden bakıldığında, sigara tüketimindeki bölge bazlı trendlerin pandemi döneminde uygulanacak politikaların bölgesel olarak farklılaşması gerekliliğini ortaya koyduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • San S, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco expenditures on spending within Turkish households. Tob Control. 2016;25(5):558-63.
  • Jusot F, Khlat M, Rochereau T, Serme C. Job loss from poor health, smoking and obesity: A national prospective survey in France. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(4):332-7.
  • Hondroyiannis G, Papapetrou E. Cigarette consumption in Greece: Empirical evidence from cointegration analysis. Appl Econ Lett. 1997;4(9):571-4.
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  • Bartkowska M, Riedl A. Regional convergence clubs in Europe: Identification and conditioning factors. Econ Model. 2012;29(1):22-31.
  • Cameron S, Collins A. Cigarette consumption in Turkey: Tansel's spurious regression. Appl Econ Lett. 1998;5(6):351-3.
  • Hsieh CR, Hu, TW, Lin CFJ. The demand for cigarettes in Taiwan: Domestic versus imported cigarettes. Contemp Econ Policy. 1999;17(2):223-34.
  • Nikolaou A, Velentzas K. Estimating the demand for cigarettes in Greece: An error correction model. Agric Econ Rev. 2001;2(1):20-27.
  • Fallahi M, Nor NM, Thinng WBK. The impact of human development on cigarettes consumption in Malaysia. Int J Econ Manag. 2015;9(2):356-68.
  • Kidane A, Mduma J, Naho A, Ngeh ET, Hu TW. The demand for cigarettes in Tanzania and implications for tobacco taxation policy. Adv Econ Bus. 2015;3(10):428-35.
  • Martinez E, Mejia R, Pérez-Stable EJ. An empirical analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina. Tob Control. 2015;24(1):89-93.
  • Pascual Sáez M, González Prieto N, Cantarero Prieto D. The determinants of tobacco consumption: Evidence from Spain. J Knowl Manag Econom Inf Technol. 2015;5(1):1-15.
  • Chang T, Chu HP, Deale FW, Gupta R. The causal relationship between happiness and smoking: A bootstrap panel causality test. J Happiness Stud. 2016;17(3):1327-36.
  • Zheng Y, Zhen C, Dench D, Nonnemaker JM. US demand for tobacco products in a system framework. Health Econ. 2017;26(8):1067-86.
  • Rodríguez-Iglesias G, Schoj V, Chaloupka F, Champagne B, González-Rozada M. Analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina: The impact of price changes on consumption and government revenues. Salud Publica Mex. 2017;59(1):95-101.
  • Jovanovic O, Zubović J, Vladisavljević M, Bodrož D, Ljumović I, Domazet I, et al. Estimation of tobacco products price and income elasticity using aggregate data. Econ Anal. 2018;51(3-4):81-94.
  • Tingum EN, Parrott S. Estimating the demand for domestic and imported cigarettes in Rwanda. MPRA Working Papers. 2018;88131.
  • Yıldız F. Determinants of cigarette consumption in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 2020;7(2):74-80.
  • Reinhardt FS, Giles DE. Are cigarette bans really good economic policy? Appl Econ. 2001;33(11):1365-8.
  • Adda J, Cornaglia F. The effect of bans and taxes on passive smoking. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2010;2(1):1-32.
  • Jones AM, Laporte A, Rice N, Zucchelli E. Do public smoking bans have an impact on active smoking? Evidence from the UK. Health Econ. 2015;24(2):175-92.
  • Verguet S, Gauvreau CL, Mishra S, MacLennan M, Murphy SM, Brouwer ED, et al. The consequences of tobacco tax on household health and finances in rich and poor smokers in China: An extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(4):e206-16.
  • Gonzalez-Rozada M, Ramos-Carbajales A. Implications of raising cigarette excise taxes in Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016;40(4):250-5.
  • Phillips PC, Sul D. Economic transition and growth. J Appl Econ. 2009;24(7):1153-85.
  • Du K. Econometric convergence test and club clustering using Stata. Stata J. 2017;17(4):882-900.
  • Emir F, Balcilar M, Shahbaz M. Inequality in carbon intensity in EU-28: Analysis based on club convergence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(4):3308-19.
  • Panopoulou E, Pantelidis T. Cross‐state disparities in US health care expenditures. Health Econ. 2013;22(4):451-65.

Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: Special Issue, 71 - 77, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.859119

Abstract

Aim: Turkey introduced price and non-price measures in recent years to reduce smoking. The government banned smoking in all enclosed workplaces and public places. Then, they extended the ban to include all restaurants, cafeterias, and the hospitality sector in 2009 and increased the Special Consumption Tax dramatically on tobacco products by 20 percent in 2010. This study aims to examine regional disparities in cigarette consumption across Turkish cities employing provincial-level data by utilizing a club convergence test.
Material and Methods: We report some descriptive results for the smoking trend for sub-regions of Turkey. Then, we explore regional disparities in smoking across Turkish provinces, employing monthly provincial-level data, through a club convergence test in pre-pandemic period, 2009-2017.
Results: Our results suggest that the initial effects of the anti-tobacco policies resulted in a substantial decline in smoking. It seems that distinct regions behave differently to the policy changes in a way that some areas reduce their cigarette consumption considerably while some regions did not. Club convergence test results demonstrate that it is not proper to conduct a common tobacco control policy in Turkey since there is more than one convergence club in the analyses.
Conclusion: We encourage authorities to decentralize power by including local agencies and municipalities in enforcing the anti-tobacco law. We urge authorities to take different policy measures for different regions. Besides, from a pandemic perspective, one can argue that the regional disparities in cigarette consumption is also a signal for the need of diversified health policies across regions in Turkey.

References

  • San S, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco expenditures on spending within Turkish households. Tob Control. 2016;25(5):558-63.
  • Jusot F, Khlat M, Rochereau T, Serme C. Job loss from poor health, smoking and obesity: A national prospective survey in France. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(4):332-7.
  • Hondroyiannis G, Papapetrou E. Cigarette consumption in Greece: Empirical evidence from cointegration analysis. Appl Econ Lett. 1997;4(9):571-4.
  • who.int [Internet]. World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. [Cited: 2021 Jan 02]. Available from: https://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/
  • Bilir N, Çakır B, Dağlı E, Ergüder T, Önder Z. Tobacco control in Turkey. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization Europe; 2009.
  • Warren CW, Erguder T, Lee J, Lea V, Sauer AG, Jones NR, et al. Effect of policy changes on cigarette sales: The case of Turkey. Eur J Public Health. 2012;22(5):712-6.
  • tuik.gov.tr [Internet]. Turkish Statistical Institute. Statistics by Theme. Turkey Health Survey. [Cited: 2021 Jan 02]. Available from: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1095
  • tobaccoatlas.org [Internet]. Tobacco Atlas. Consumption. [Cited: 2021 Jan 02]. Available from: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/consumption/
  • Phillips PC, Sul D. Transition modeling and econometric convergence tests. Econometrica. 2007;75(6):1771-855.
  • Bartkowska M, Riedl A. Regional convergence clubs in Europe: Identification and conditioning factors. Econ Model. 2012;29(1):22-31.
  • Cameron S, Collins A. Cigarette consumption in Turkey: Tansel's spurious regression. Appl Econ Lett. 1998;5(6):351-3.
  • Hsieh CR, Hu, TW, Lin CFJ. The demand for cigarettes in Taiwan: Domestic versus imported cigarettes. Contemp Econ Policy. 1999;17(2):223-34.
  • Nikolaou A, Velentzas K. Estimating the demand for cigarettes in Greece: An error correction model. Agric Econ Rev. 2001;2(1):20-27.
  • Fallahi M, Nor NM, Thinng WBK. The impact of human development on cigarettes consumption in Malaysia. Int J Econ Manag. 2015;9(2):356-68.
  • Kidane A, Mduma J, Naho A, Ngeh ET, Hu TW. The demand for cigarettes in Tanzania and implications for tobacco taxation policy. Adv Econ Bus. 2015;3(10):428-35.
  • Martinez E, Mejia R, Pérez-Stable EJ. An empirical analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina. Tob Control. 2015;24(1):89-93.
  • Pascual Sáez M, González Prieto N, Cantarero Prieto D. The determinants of tobacco consumption: Evidence from Spain. J Knowl Manag Econom Inf Technol. 2015;5(1):1-15.
  • Chang T, Chu HP, Deale FW, Gupta R. The causal relationship between happiness and smoking: A bootstrap panel causality test. J Happiness Stud. 2016;17(3):1327-36.
  • Zheng Y, Zhen C, Dench D, Nonnemaker JM. US demand for tobacco products in a system framework. Health Econ. 2017;26(8):1067-86.
  • Rodríguez-Iglesias G, Schoj V, Chaloupka F, Champagne B, González-Rozada M. Analysis of cigarette demand in Argentina: The impact of price changes on consumption and government revenues. Salud Publica Mex. 2017;59(1):95-101.
  • Jovanovic O, Zubović J, Vladisavljević M, Bodrož D, Ljumović I, Domazet I, et al. Estimation of tobacco products price and income elasticity using aggregate data. Econ Anal. 2018;51(3-4):81-94.
  • Tingum EN, Parrott S. Estimating the demand for domestic and imported cigarettes in Rwanda. MPRA Working Papers. 2018;88131.
  • Yıldız F. Determinants of cigarette consumption in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 2020;7(2):74-80.
  • Reinhardt FS, Giles DE. Are cigarette bans really good economic policy? Appl Econ. 2001;33(11):1365-8.
  • Adda J, Cornaglia F. The effect of bans and taxes on passive smoking. Am Econ J Appl Econ. 2010;2(1):1-32.
  • Jones AM, Laporte A, Rice N, Zucchelli E. Do public smoking bans have an impact on active smoking? Evidence from the UK. Health Econ. 2015;24(2):175-92.
  • Verguet S, Gauvreau CL, Mishra S, MacLennan M, Murphy SM, Brouwer ED, et al. The consequences of tobacco tax on household health and finances in rich and poor smokers in China: An extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(4):e206-16.
  • Gonzalez-Rozada M, Ramos-Carbajales A. Implications of raising cigarette excise taxes in Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016;40(4):250-5.
  • Phillips PC, Sul D. Economic transition and growth. J Appl Econ. 2009;24(7):1153-85.
  • Du K. Econometric convergence test and club clustering using Stata. Stata J. 2017;17(4):882-900.
  • Emir F, Balcilar M, Shahbaz M. Inequality in carbon intensity in EU-28: Analysis based on club convergence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(4):3308-19.
  • Panopoulou E, Pantelidis T. Cross‐state disparities in US health care expenditures. Health Econ. 2013;22(4):451-65.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Abdullah Tirgil 0000-0002-4491-4459

Muhammed Şehid Görüş 0000-0002-7614-4567

Önder Özgür 0000-0001-5221-4842

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Submission Date January 12, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: Special Issue

Cite

APA Tirgil, A., Görüş, M. Ş., & Özgür, Ö. (2021). Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(Special Issue), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.859119
AMA Tirgil A, Görüş MŞ, Özgür Ö. Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period. Duzce Med J. March 2021;23(Special Issue):71-77. doi:10.18678/dtfd.859119
Chicago Tirgil, Abdullah, Muhammed Şehid Görüş, and Önder Özgür. “Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period”. Duzce Medical Journal 23, no. Special Issue (March 2021): 71-77. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.859119.
EndNote Tirgil A, Görüş MŞ, Özgür Ö (March 1, 2021) Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period. Duzce Medical Journal 23 Special Issue 71–77.
IEEE A. Tirgil, M. Ş. Görüş, and Ö. Özgür, “Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period”, Duzce Med J, vol. 23, no. Special Issue, pp. 71–77, 2021, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.859119.
ISNAD Tirgil, Abdullah et al. “Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period”. Duzce Medical Journal 23/Special Issue (March 2021), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.859119.
JAMA Tirgil A, Görüş MŞ, Özgür Ö. Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period. Duzce Med J. 2021;23:71–77.
MLA Tirgil, Abdullah et al. “Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 23, no. Special Issue, 2021, pp. 71-77, doi:10.18678/dtfd.859119.
Vancouver Tirgil A, Görüş MŞ, Özgür Ö. Club Convergence in Cigarette Consumption and Health Policies in Pre-Pandemic Period. Duzce Med J. 2021;23(Special Issue):71-7.