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Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 151 - 156, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.909709

Abstract

Aim: Given the increasing usage of cell phones (6.9 billion subscriptions globally) and heterogeneous reports, this study aimed to determine the cell phone effect as non-ionizing radiation on the level of testosterone hormone and sperm parameters in male rats.
Material and Methods: Twenty-five matured male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups with the same body weights. Radiofrequency radiation for the exposed groups was 1 h/day call, 2 h/day call, and 50 missed calls/day in 30 days. The other two groups were control (out of any radiation) and positive control (exposed to γ-radiation) groups. Sperm parameters (motility, morphology, viability, counting), histopathology, and serum level of testosterone were measured and analyzed.
Results: According to the results, the sperm viability significantly decreased compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also, the findings revealed that the sperm motility in all groups except missed call group (p=0.475). For sperm count and morphology only in Group C (2 h/day call) and Group D (positive control), there were significant reductions compared to the control group (p<0.001). The level of testosterone was not statistically significantly different between the groups (p=0.451).
Conclusion: This study suggests that cell phone hazard to infertility was mild to moderate, and cell phone usage might have long-term effects on infertility. However, the cell phone cannot significantly affect the serum testosterone level.

Supporting Institution

Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences

Project Number

CMRC-9611

References

  • Ahlbom IC, Cardis E, Green A, Linet M, Savitz D, Swerdlow A, et al. Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and health. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(Suppl 6):911-33.
  • Haus HA, Melcher JR. Electromagnetic fields and energy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1989.
  • Hamada AJ, Singh A, Agarwal A. Cell phones and their impact on male fertility: fact or fiction. Open Reprod Sci J. 2011;5(4):125-37.
  • Moulder JE, Erdreich LS, Malyapa RS, Merritt J, Pickard WF, Vijayalaxmi. Cell phones and cancer: What is the evidence for a connection? Radiat Res. 1999;151(5):513-31.
  • Asl JF, Larijani B, Zakerkish M, Rahim F, Shirbandi K, Akbari R. The possible global hazard of cell phone radiation on thyroid cells and hormones: a systematic review of evidences. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(18):18017-31.
  • Repacholi MH. A history of the international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection. Health Phys. 2017;113(4):282-300.
  • Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015;13:37.
  • Levavi-Sivan B, Bogerd J, Mañanós EL, Gómez A, Lareyre JJ. Perspectives on fish gonadotropins and their receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2010;165(3):412-37.
  • Golan M, Martin AO, Mollard P, Levavi-Sivan B. Anatomical and functional gonadotrope networks in the teleost pituitary. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23777.
  • Lenton EA, Sexton L, Lee S, Cooke ID. Progressive changes in LH and FSH and LH: FSH ratio in women throughout reproductive life. Maturitas. 1988;10(1):35-43.
  • Kruger TF, Menkveld R, Stander FS, Lombard CJ, Van der Merwe JP, van Zyl JA, et al. Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1986;46(6):1118-23.
  • Sheth AR, Shah GV, Mugatwala PP. Levels of luteinizing hormone in semen of fertile and infertile men and possible significance of luteinizing hormone in sperm metabolism. Fertil Steril. 1976;27(8):933-6.
  • Mostafa RM, Moustafa YM, Ali FM, Shafik A. Sex hormone status in male rats after exposure to 50 Hz, 5 mTesla magnetic field. Arch Androl. 2006;52(5):363-9.
  • Havas M. When theory and observation collide: Can non-ionizing radiation cause cancer? Environ Pollut. 2017;221:501-5.
  • Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ, et al. Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2015;240(9):1123-35.
  • Grigor'ev IuG. [Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation (comparative risk estimations)]. Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2012;52(2):215-8. Russian.
  • World Health Organization. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones. Fact Sheet No. 193. 8 October 2014.
  • Kilkenny C, Browne W, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG, NC3Rs Reporting Guidelines Working Group. Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;160(7):1577-9.
  • Charan J, Kantharia ND. How to calculate sample size in animal studies? J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2013;4(4):303-6.
  • Tas M, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Cirit U, Yegin K, Seker U, et al. Long-term effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular tissue and epididymal semen quality. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014;33(3):216-22.
  • Zhang WX, Qin JC, Wang R, Wang L, Zhang J. [Radiation-induced oxidative stress and claudin-11 mRNA expression in the testis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2013;19(4):306-10. Chinese.
  • World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
  • Yan W, Kang Y, Ji X, Li S, Li Y, Zhang G, et al. Testosterone upregulates the expression of mitochondrial ND1 and ND4 and alleviates the oxidative damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in orchiectomized rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1202459.
  • Mushtaq H, Alam S, Khan MA. Histopathological patterns of testicular biopsies in male infertility. J Islamabad Med Dent College. 2013;2(4):81-6.
  • Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(1):124-8.
  • Gutschi T, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Shamloul R, Pummer K, Trummer H. Impact of cell phone use on men's semen parameters. Andrologia. 2011;43(5):312-6.
  • Rago R, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Sebastianelli A, Marcucci I, Calogero AE, et al. The semen quality of the mobile phone users. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(11):970-4.
  • Zhang G, Yan H, Chen Q, Liu K, Ling X, Sun L, et al. Effects of cell phone use on semen parameters: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China. Environ Int. 2016;91:116-21.
  • Schauer I, Mohamad Al-Ali B. Combined effects of varicocele and cell phones on semen and hormonal parameters. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018;130(9-10):335-40.
  • Pandey N, Giri S. Melatonin attenuates radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in germ cells of male Swiss albino mice. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018;34(5):315-27.
  • Oyewopo AO, Olaniyi SK, Oyewopo CI, Jimoh AT. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone causes defective testicular function in male wistar rats. Andrologia. 2017;49(10).
  • Otitoloju AA, Obe IA, Adewale OA, Otubanjo OA, Osunkalu VO. Preliminary study on the induction of sperm head abnormalities in mice, Mus musculus, exposed to radiofrequency radiations from global system for mobile communication base stations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;84(1):51-4.
  • Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(6):561-5.
  • Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: an in vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(7):840-3.
  • Lewis RC, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Meeker JD, Williams PL, Mezei G, Ford JB, et al. Self-reported mobile phone use and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;67:42-7.
  • Nakatani-Enomoto S, Okutsu M, Suzuki S, Suganuma R, Groiss SJ, Kadowaki S, et al. Effects of 1950 MHz W-CDMA-like signal on human spermatozoa. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;37(6):373-81.
  • Dasdag S, Zulkuf Akdag M, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Mutlu Dasdag M, et al. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(3):182-8.
  • Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int J Androl. 2005;28(3):171-9.
  • Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L. Effects of subchronic exposure to radio frequency from a conventional cellular telephone on testicular function in adult rats. J Urol. 2007;177(1):395-9.
  • Djeridane Y, Touitou Y, de Seze R. Influence of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM-900 cellular telephones on the circadian patterns of gonadal, adrenal and pituitary hormones in men. Radiat Res. 2008;169(3):337-43.
  • Lee HJ, Pack JK, Kim TH, Kim N, Choi SY, Lee JS, et al. The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31(7):528-34.
  • Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T. Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2011;57(4):204-9.
  • Trošić I, Mataušić-Pišl M, Pavičić I, Marjanović AM. Histological and cytological examination of rat reproductive tissue after short-time intermittent radiofrequency exposure. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2013;64(4):513-9.
  • De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6446.
  • Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2011;34(1):20-6.
  • Lukac N, Massanyi P, Roychoudhury S, Capcarova M, Tvrda E, Knazicka Z, et al. In vitro effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves on bovine spermatozoa motility. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2011;46(12):1417-23.
  • Gorpinchenko I, Nikitin O, Banyra O, Shulyak A. The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality. Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):65-71.
  • Zalata A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Shaalan D, El-Baiomy Y, Mostafa T. In vitro effect of cell phone radiation on motility, DNA fragmentation and clusterin gene expression in human sperm. Int J Fertil Steril. 2015;9(1):129-36.
  • Suzuki S, Okutsu M, Suganuma R, Komiya H, Nakatani-Enomoto S, Kobayashi S, et al. Influence of radiofrequency-electromagnetic waves from 3rd-generation cellular phones on fertilization and embryo development in mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2017;38(6):466-73.
  • Falzone N, Huyser C, Fourie F, Toivo T, Leszczynski D, Franken D. In vitro effect of pulsed 900 MHz GSM radiation on mitochondrial membrane potential and motility of human spermatozoa. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;29(4):268-76.
  • Jin YB, Choi HD, Kim BC, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on serum hormone levels in rats. J Radiat Res. 2013;54(3):430-7.
  • Meo SA, Al-Drees AM, Husain S, Khan MM, Imran MB. Effects of mobile phone radiation on serum testosterone in Wistar albino rats. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(8):869-73.
  • Kesari KK, Behari J. Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;31(3):213-22.
  • Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1318-25.
  • Eskander EF, Estefan SF, Abd-Rabou AA. How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles? Clin Biochem. 2012;45(1-2):157-61.

Cep Telefonu Radyasyonunun Erkek Sıçanlarda İnfertilite ve Testosteron Hormonu Üzerine Kısa Dönem Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 151 - 156, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.909709

Abstract

Amaç: Cep telefonlarının artan kullanımı (küresel olarak 6,9 milyar abonelik) ve heterojen raporlar göz önüne alındığında, bu çalışmada, iyonlaştırıcı olmayan radyasyon olarak cep telefonu erkek sıçanlarda testosteron hormonu düzeyi ve sperm parametreleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Yirmi beş olgunlaşmış erkek Wistar sıçanı, aynı vücut ağırlıklarına sahip olacak şekilde rastgele olarak beş gruba ayrıldı. Maruz kalan gruplar için radyofrekans radyasyonu 30 gün içinde günde 1 saat görüşme, günde 2 saat görüşme ve günde 50 cevapsız çağrı şeklindeydi. Diğer iki grup ise kontrol (hiçbir radyasyon uygulanmayan) ve pozitif kontrol (γ-radyasyona maruz kalan) grupları idi. Sperm parametreleri (hareketlilik, morfoloji, canlılık, sayım), histopatoloji ve serum testosteron düzeyi ölçüldü ve analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Sonuçlara göre sperm canlılığı kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak azaldı (p<0,001). Ayrıca bulgular cevapsız çağrı grubu dışındaki tüm gruplarda sperm hareketliliğinin olduğunu ortaya koydu (p=0,475). Sadece Grup C'de (günde 2 saat görüşme) ve Grup D'de (pozitif kontrol) sperm sayısı ve morfolojisi açısından kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı şekilde azalma vardı (p<0,001). Testosteron düzeyi ise gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde farklı değildi (p=0,451).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, cep telefonunun infertilite tehlikesinin hafif ila orta düzeyde olduğunu ve cep telefonu kullanımının infertilite üzerinde uzun vadeli etkileri olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bununla birlikte, cep telefonu serum testosteron seviyesini ise önemli ölçüde etkileyememektedir.

Project Number

CMRC-9611

References

  • Ahlbom IC, Cardis E, Green A, Linet M, Savitz D, Swerdlow A, et al. Review of the epidemiologic literature on EMF and health. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(Suppl 6):911-33.
  • Haus HA, Melcher JR. Electromagnetic fields and energy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1989.
  • Hamada AJ, Singh A, Agarwal A. Cell phones and their impact on male fertility: fact or fiction. Open Reprod Sci J. 2011;5(4):125-37.
  • Moulder JE, Erdreich LS, Malyapa RS, Merritt J, Pickard WF, Vijayalaxmi. Cell phones and cancer: What is the evidence for a connection? Radiat Res. 1999;151(5):513-31.
  • Asl JF, Larijani B, Zakerkish M, Rahim F, Shirbandi K, Akbari R. The possible global hazard of cell phone radiation on thyroid cells and hormones: a systematic review of evidences. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019;26(18):18017-31.
  • Repacholi MH. A history of the international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection. Health Phys. 2017;113(4):282-300.
  • Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015;13:37.
  • Levavi-Sivan B, Bogerd J, Mañanós EL, Gómez A, Lareyre JJ. Perspectives on fish gonadotropins and their receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2010;165(3):412-37.
  • Golan M, Martin AO, Mollard P, Levavi-Sivan B. Anatomical and functional gonadotrope networks in the teleost pituitary. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23777.
  • Lenton EA, Sexton L, Lee S, Cooke ID. Progressive changes in LH and FSH and LH: FSH ratio in women throughout reproductive life. Maturitas. 1988;10(1):35-43.
  • Kruger TF, Menkveld R, Stander FS, Lombard CJ, Van der Merwe JP, van Zyl JA, et al. Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1986;46(6):1118-23.
  • Sheth AR, Shah GV, Mugatwala PP. Levels of luteinizing hormone in semen of fertile and infertile men and possible significance of luteinizing hormone in sperm metabolism. Fertil Steril. 1976;27(8):933-6.
  • Mostafa RM, Moustafa YM, Ali FM, Shafik A. Sex hormone status in male rats after exposure to 50 Hz, 5 mTesla magnetic field. Arch Androl. 2006;52(5):363-9.
  • Havas M. When theory and observation collide: Can non-ionizing radiation cause cancer? Environ Pollut. 2017;221:501-5.
  • Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ, et al. Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2015;240(9):1123-35.
  • Grigor'ev IuG. [Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation (comparative risk estimations)]. Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2012;52(2):215-8. Russian.
  • World Health Organization. Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones. Fact Sheet No. 193. 8 October 2014.
  • Kilkenny C, Browne W, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG, NC3Rs Reporting Guidelines Working Group. Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;160(7):1577-9.
  • Charan J, Kantharia ND. How to calculate sample size in animal studies? J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2013;4(4):303-6.
  • Tas M, Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Cirit U, Yegin K, Seker U, et al. Long-term effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular tissue and epididymal semen quality. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014;33(3):216-22.
  • Zhang WX, Qin JC, Wang R, Wang L, Zhang J. [Radiation-induced oxidative stress and claudin-11 mRNA expression in the testis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2013;19(4):306-10. Chinese.
  • World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
  • Yan W, Kang Y, Ji X, Li S, Li Y, Zhang G, et al. Testosterone upregulates the expression of mitochondrial ND1 and ND4 and alleviates the oxidative damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in orchiectomized rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1202459.
  • Mushtaq H, Alam S, Khan MA. Histopathological patterns of testicular biopsies in male infertility. J Islamabad Med Dent College. 2013;2(4):81-6.
  • Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(1):124-8.
  • Gutschi T, Mohamad Al-Ali B, Shamloul R, Pummer K, Trummer H. Impact of cell phone use on men's semen parameters. Andrologia. 2011;43(5):312-6.
  • Rago R, Salacone P, Caponecchia L, Sebastianelli A, Marcucci I, Calogero AE, et al. The semen quality of the mobile phone users. J Endocrinol Invest. 2013;36(11):970-4.
  • Zhang G, Yan H, Chen Q, Liu K, Ling X, Sun L, et al. Effects of cell phone use on semen parameters: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China. Environ Int. 2016;91:116-21.
  • Schauer I, Mohamad Al-Ali B. Combined effects of varicocele and cell phones on semen and hormonal parameters. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018;130(9-10):335-40.
  • Pandey N, Giri S. Melatonin attenuates radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in germ cells of male Swiss albino mice. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018;34(5):315-27.
  • Oyewopo AO, Olaniyi SK, Oyewopo CI, Jimoh AT. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone causes defective testicular function in male wistar rats. Andrologia. 2017;49(10).
  • Otitoloju AA, Obe IA, Adewale OA, Otubanjo OA, Osunkalu VO. Preliminary study on the induction of sperm head abnormalities in mice, Mus musculus, exposed to radiofrequency radiations from global system for mobile communication base stations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;84(1):51-4.
  • Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(6):561-5.
  • Erogul O, Oztas E, Yildirim I, Kir T, Aydur E, Komesli G, et al. Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm motility: an in vitro study. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(7):840-3.
  • Lewis RC, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Meeker JD, Williams PL, Mezei G, Ford JB, et al. Self-reported mobile phone use and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;67:42-7.
  • Nakatani-Enomoto S, Okutsu M, Suzuki S, Suganuma R, Groiss SJ, Kadowaki S, et al. Effects of 1950 MHz W-CDMA-like signal on human spermatozoa. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;37(6):373-81.
  • Dasdag S, Zulkuf Akdag M, Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Mutlu Dasdag M, et al. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(3):182-8.
  • Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Int J Androl. 2005;28(3):171-9.
  • Ribeiro EP, Rhoden EL, Horn MM, Rhoden C, Lima LP, Toniolo L. Effects of subchronic exposure to radio frequency from a conventional cellular telephone on testicular function in adult rats. J Urol. 2007;177(1):395-9.
  • Djeridane Y, Touitou Y, de Seze R. Influence of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM-900 cellular telephones on the circadian patterns of gonadal, adrenal and pituitary hormones in men. Radiat Res. 2008;169(3):337-43.
  • Lee HJ, Pack JK, Kim TH, Kim N, Choi SY, Lee JS, et al. The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31(7):528-34.
  • Imai N, Kawabe M, Hikage T, Nojima T, Takahashi S, Shirai T. Effects on rat testis of 1.95-GHz W-CDMA for IMT-2000 cellular phones. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2011;57(4):204-9.
  • Trošić I, Mataušić-Pišl M, Pavičić I, Marjanović AM. Histological and cytological examination of rat reproductive tissue after short-time intermittent radiofrequency exposure. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2013;64(4):513-9.
  • De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6446.
  • Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2011;34(1):20-6.
  • Lukac N, Massanyi P, Roychoudhury S, Capcarova M, Tvrda E, Knazicka Z, et al. In vitro effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves on bovine spermatozoa motility. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2011;46(12):1417-23.
  • Gorpinchenko I, Nikitin O, Banyra O, Shulyak A. The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality. Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):65-71.
  • Zalata A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Shaalan D, El-Baiomy Y, Mostafa T. In vitro effect of cell phone radiation on motility, DNA fragmentation and clusterin gene expression in human sperm. Int J Fertil Steril. 2015;9(1):129-36.
  • Suzuki S, Okutsu M, Suganuma R, Komiya H, Nakatani-Enomoto S, Kobayashi S, et al. Influence of radiofrequency-electromagnetic waves from 3rd-generation cellular phones on fertilization and embryo development in mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 2017;38(6):466-73.
  • Falzone N, Huyser C, Fourie F, Toivo T, Leszczynski D, Franken D. In vitro effect of pulsed 900 MHz GSM radiation on mitochondrial membrane potential and motility of human spermatozoa. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008;29(4):268-76.
  • Jin YB, Choi HD, Kim BC, Pack JK, Kim N, Lee YS. Effects of simultaneous combined exposure to CDMA and WCDMA electromagnetic fields on serum hormone levels in rats. J Radiat Res. 2013;54(3):430-7.
  • Meo SA, Al-Drees AM, Husain S, Khan MM, Imran MB. Effects of mobile phone radiation on serum testosterone in Wistar albino rats. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(8):869-73.
  • Kesari KK, Behari J. Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;31(3):213-22.
  • Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1318-25.
  • Eskander EF, Estefan SF, Abd-Rabou AA. How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles? Clin Biochem. 2012;45(1-2):157-61.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Jafar Fatahi Asl This is me 0000-0002-3301-6055

Kiarash Shirbandi 0000-0002-1055-6606

Anahita Rezaie This is me 0000-0002-7224-4341

Shahrzad Rastegarpour This is me 0000-0002-0049-1212

Shamim Pahlavani This is me 0000-0002-1931-9607

Akram Ahangarpour This is me 0000-0002-9534-9699

Maryam Dastoorpur This is me 0000-0002-4485-314X

Esrafil Mansouri This is me 0000-0001-6997-6798

Project Number CMRC-9611
Publication Date August 30, 2021
Submission Date April 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Fatahi Asl, J., Shirbandi, K., Rezaie, A., Rastegarpour, S., et al. (2021). Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(2), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.909709
AMA Fatahi Asl J, Shirbandi K, Rezaie A, Rastegarpour S, Pahlavani S, Ahangarpour A, Dastoorpur M, Mansouri E. Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats. Duzce Med J. August 2021;23(2):151-156. doi:10.18678/dtfd.909709
Chicago Fatahi Asl, Jafar, Kiarash Shirbandi, Anahita Rezaie, Shahrzad Rastegarpour, Shamim Pahlavani, Akram Ahangarpour, Maryam Dastoorpur, and Esrafil Mansouri. “Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats”. Duzce Medical Journal 23, no. 2 (August 2021): 151-56. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.909709.
EndNote Fatahi Asl J, Shirbandi K, Rezaie A, Rastegarpour S, Pahlavani S, Ahangarpour A, Dastoorpur M, Mansouri E (August 1, 2021) Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats. Duzce Medical Journal 23 2 151–156.
IEEE J. Fatahi Asl, K. Shirbandi, A. Rezaie, S. Rastegarpour, S. Pahlavani, A. Ahangarpour, M. Dastoorpur, and E. Mansouri, “Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats”, Duzce Med J, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 151–156, 2021, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.909709.
ISNAD Fatahi Asl, Jafar et al. “Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats”. Duzce Medical Journal 23/2 (August 2021), 151-156. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.909709.
JAMA Fatahi Asl J, Shirbandi K, Rezaie A, Rastegarpour S, Pahlavani S, Ahangarpour A, Dastoorpur M, Mansouri E. Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats. Duzce Med J. 2021;23:151–156.
MLA Fatahi Asl, Jafar et al. “Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, 2021, pp. 151-6, doi:10.18678/dtfd.909709.
Vancouver Fatahi Asl J, Shirbandi K, Rezaie A, Rastegarpour S, Pahlavani S, Ahangarpour A, Dastoorpur M, Mansouri E. Short-Term Effects of Cell Phone Radiation on Fertility and Testosterone Hormone in Male Rats. Duzce Med J. 2021;23(2):151-6.