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Türkiye'de Deprem Felaketi: Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Perspektifinden Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 6 - 14, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852

Abstract

Depremin çocuk ve ergenler üzerinde uzun süre devam eden çeşitli zihinsel ve davranışsal etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu gözden geçirmenin amacı, psikiyatrik sorunların doğası ve kapsamını, yönetim seçeneklerini ve etkilenen çocuklar için psikolojik müdahaleleri organize etme sürecini tartışmaktır. Bireyler afet sonrasında başa çıkmalarına yardımcı olabilecek bir dizi fiziksel, duygusal ve bilişsel olarak sağlıklı tepkiler gösterir. Bazı çocuklarda ise travma sonrası akut stres reaksiyonları, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, depresyon, anksiyete bozukluğu, artmış suisid riski, uyku bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları ve psikotik bozukluklar gibi psikiyatrik belirtiler gelişebilmektedir. Komorbiditeler ve sub-klinik sendromlar da yaygındır. Ruhsal bozuklukların gelişimde çok sayıda risk faktörü ve koruyucu faktör bulunmaktadır. Yüksek risk altındaki çocukların yakın takibi ile psikosoyal destek müdahalelerinde bulunulması ruhsal bozuklukların gelişimini engelleyebilir. Müdahaleye en erken dönemde başlamak çok önemlidir. Genç afet kurbanlarının psikolojik etkileri, vasıflı yerel gönüllüler, tıp uzmanları ve temel sağlık hizmetleri programlarındaki eğitmenler tarafından ele alınabilir. Ulusun genel sosyal ve ekonomik hızlı iyileşmesi ile çocuklar travmatik deneyimlerden daha çabuk kurtulabilir.

References

  • Bohnhoff M, Martínez-Garzón P, Bulut F, Stierle E, Ben-Zion Y. Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone. Tectonophysics. 2016;674:147-65.
  • ungeneva.org [Internet]. The United Nations Office at Geneva. 1.5 million now homeless in Türkiye after quake disaster, warn UN development experts. [Updated: 2023 February 21; Cited: 2023 February 23]. Available from: https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/02/78128/15-million-now-homeless-turkiye-after-quake-disaster-warn-un
  • undp.org [Internet]. United Nations Development Programme. Proposed Areas of UNDP Assistance for Recovery and Reconstruction after the 2023 Earthquakes in Türkiye. [Updated: 2023 February 24; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://www.undp.org/turkiye/publications/proposed-areas-undp-assistance-recovery-and-reconstruction-after-2023-earthquakes-turkiye
  • ttb.org.tr [Internet]. Turkish Medical Association. February 6, 2023 Earthquake Fact Sheet - 8: On infectious diseases after the earthquake. [Updated: 2023 February 11; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://www.ttb.org.tr/haber_goster.php?Guid=0ec14fe2-a9fb-11ed-b4b5-486b41055497. Turkish.
  • Ulloa RE, Sarmiento E. Patient characteristics associated with the need for long-term treatment in a child psychiatry hospital after the earthquake in Mexico City. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(1):16-8.
  • Tuik.gov.tr [Internet]. Turkish Statistical Institute. Child with Statistics, 2021. [Updated: 2022 April 20; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633. Turkish.
  • Carmassi C, Antonio Bertelloni C, Massimetti G, Miniati M, Stratta P, Rossi A, et al. Impact of DSM-5 PTSD and gender on impaired eating behaviors in 512 Italian earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225(1-2):64-9.
  • Ben-Ezra M, Shigemura J, Palgi Y, Hamama-Raz Y, Lavenda O, Suzuki M, et al. From Hiroshima to Fukushima: PTSD symptoms and radiation stigma across regions in Japan. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:185-6.
  • Goenjian AK, Roussos A, Steinberg AM, Sotiropoulou C, Walling D, Kakaki M, et al. Longitudinal study of PTSD, depression, and quality of life among adolescents after the Parnitha earthquake. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):509-15.
  • Hong C, Efferth T. Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016;17(5):542-61.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Berkem M, Bildik T. The effect of the earthquake on the application profile to the Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Child Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2001;2(1):29-35. Turkish.
  • Abali O, Tüzün Ü, Göktürk Ü, An Gürkan K, Alyanak B, Görker I. Acute psychological reactions of children and adolescents after the Marmara earthquake: A brief preliminary report. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;7(2):283-7. Turkish.
  • Liu K, Liang X, Guo L, Li Y, Li X, Xin B, et al. The acute stress disorder in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured in the Wenchuan earthquake of China. Stress Health. 2010;26(1):75-81.
  • Casacchia M, Bianchini V, Mazza M, Pollice R, Roncone R. Acute stress reactions and associated factors in the help-seekers after the L’Aquila earthquake. Psychopathology. 2013;46(2):120-30.
  • Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Gender differences in the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(2):226-9.
  • Gökler Danışman I, Okay D. Disasters, children and adolescents: the impacts and psychological interventions. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychol-Special Topics. 2017;2(3):189-97. Turkish.
  • Zhang W, Duan G, Xu Q, Jia Z, Bai Z, Liu W, et al. A cross-sectional study on posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychiatric morbidity among adult survivors 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(8):860-70.
  • Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1537.
  • Teramoto C, Matsunaga A, Nagata S. Cross-sectional study of social support and psychological distress among displaced earthquake survivors in Japan. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2015;12(4):320-9.
  • Bal A. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Turkish child and adolescent survivors three years after the Marmara earthquake. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2008;13(3):134-9.
  • Kadak MT, Nasıroğlu S, Boysan M, Aydın A. Risk factors predicting posttraumatic stress reactions in adolescents after 2011 Van earthquake. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(7):982-90.
  • Dell'Osso L, Carmassi C, Massimetti G, Daneluzzo E, Di Tommaso S, Rossi A. Full and partial PTSD among young adult survivors 10 months after the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake: gender differences. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1-3):79-83.
  • Xu J, Wang Y, Tang W. Risk factors of post-traumatic stress and depressive disorders in Longmenshan adolescents after the 2013 Lushan Earthquake. Community Ment Health J. 2019;55(3):497-506.
  • Pollice R, Bianchini V, Roncone R, Casacchia M. Psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young survivors of L'Aquila earthquake. Riv Psichiatr. 2012;47(1):59-64. Italian.
  • Rezayat AA, Sahebdel S, Jafari S, Kabirian A, Rahnejat AM, Farahani RH, et al. Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1265-90.
  • Thienkrua W, Cardozo BL, Chakkraband ML, Guadamuz TE, Pengjuntr W, Tantipiwatanaskul P, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. JAMA. 2006;296(5):549-59.
  • Bremner JD. Alterations in brain structure and function associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999;4(4):249-55.
  • Coffman S. Children’s reactions to disaster. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13(6):376-82.
  • Zubenko WN. Developmental issues in stress and crisis. In: Zubenko WN, Capozzoli J, editors. Children and disasters: A practical guide to healing and recovery. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p.85-100.
  • Pynoos RS, Nader K. Children’s exposure to violence and traumatic death. Psychiatric Annals. 1990;20(6):334-44.
  • Pan X, Liu W, Deng G, Liu T, Yan J, Tang Y, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1985-94.
  • Tang W, Lu Y, Xu J. Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescent earthquake victims: comorbidity and associated sleep-disturbing factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(11):1241-51.
  • Ginzburg K, Ein-Dor T, Solomon Z. Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: a 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. J Affect Disord. 2010;123(1-3):249-57.
  • Desai NG, Gupta DK, Srivastava RK. Prevalence, pattern and predictors of mental health morbidity following an intermediate disaster in an urban slum in Delhi: A modified cohort study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2004;46(1):39-51.
  • Tang W, Xu D, Yang Y, Xu J. Psychotic‐like experiences in Chinese children and adolescents: The effect of earthquake exposure, maltreatment and negative life events. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(3):536-46.
  • Ran MS, Zhang Z, Fan M, Li RH, Li YH, Ou GJ, et al. Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian J Psychiatry. 2015;13:66-71.
  • Cobham VE, McDermott B, Haslam D, Sanders MR. The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(6):53.
  • Yu XN, Lau JT, Zhang J, Mak WW, Choi KC, Lui WW, et al. Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. J Affect Disord. 2010;123(1-3):327-31.
  • Chou FH, Wu HC, Chou P, Su CY, Tsai KY, Chao SS, et al. Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post‐disaster impact among Chi‐Chi earthquake survivors in Yu‐Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(4):370-8.
  • Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, Mashiko H, Nagao K, Okuyama M; Great East Japan Earthquake Follow-up for Children Study Team. Suicide risk among young children after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;253:318-24.
  • Kiliç C, Kiliç EZ, Aydin IO. Effect of relocation and parental psychopathology on earthquake survivor-children's mental health. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(5):335-41.
  • Valenti M, Di Giovanni C, Mariano M, Pino MC, Sconci V, Mazza M. Autism after an earthquake: the experience of L'Aquila (Central Italy) as a basis for an operative guideline. Epidemiol Prev. 2016;40(2 Suppl 1):49-52. Italian.
  • Kimura M. Negative social interactions and coping behaviors: experiences of Japanese mothers caring for children with special needs in disaster areas. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):247.
  • Austin LS, Godleski LS. Therapeutic approaches for survivors of disaster. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999;22(4):897-910.
  • Pfefferbaum B. Caring for children affected by disaster. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1998;7(3):579-97.
  • Nagao K, Okuyama M, Miyamoto S, Haba T. Treating early mental health and post-traumatic symptoms of children in the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995;37(6):745-54.
  • Vernberg EM, Vogel JM. Part 2: Interventions with children after disasters. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993;22(4):485-98.
  • Coates S, Schechter D. Preschoolers traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;27(3):473-89.
  • Kar N. Psychological impact of disasters on children: review of assessment and interventions. World J Pediatr. 2009;5(1):5-11.
  • Pynoos RS, Nader K. Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: research implications. J Trauma Stress. 1988;1(4):445-73.
  • Nagao K, Okuyama M, Miyamoto S, Haba T. Treating early mental health and post-traumatic symptoms of children in the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995;37(6):745-54.
  • Goenjian AK, Walling D, Steinberg AM, Karayan I, Najarian LM, Pynoos R. A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(12):2302-8.
  • Pfefferbaum B, Call JA, Sconzo GM. Mental health services for children in the first two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(7):956-8.
  • meb.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of National Education. MEM mobilizes with all its units to heal the wounds of the earthquake. [Updated: 2023 February 25; Cited: 2023 February 25]. Available from: https://www.meb.gov.tr/meb-mobilizes-with-all-its-units-to-heal-the-wounds-of-the-earthquake/haber/29161/en
  • saglik.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. Special Child Support System. [Updated: 2020 October 2; Cited: 2023 February 25]. Available from: https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/TR-73582/ozel-cocuk-destek-sistemi.html
  • Kar N, Misra BN. Mental health care following disasters: a handbook for disaster workers. 1st ed. Bhubaneswar, India: Quality of Life Research and Development Foundation; 2008.
  • Goenjian AK, Molina L, Steinberg AM, Fairbanks LA, Alvarez ML, Goenjian HA, et al. Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):788-94.

The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 6 - 14, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852

Abstract

The earthquake has long-lasting various mental and behavioral effects on children and adolescents. The aim of this review was to discuss the nature and extent of psychiatric problems, management options, and the process of organizing psychological interventions for affected children. Individuals show a range of physically, emotionally, and cognitively healthy responses that can help them cope with the aftermath of a disaster. Psychiatric symptoms such as acute stress reactions, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, increased risk of suicide, sleep disorders, substance use disorders, and psychotic disorders may develop in some children. Comorbidities and sub-clinical syndromes are also common. There are many risk factors and protective factors in the development of mental disorders. Close follow-up of children at high risk and interventions for psychosocial support may prevent the development of mental disorders. It is very important to start the intervention at the earliest period. The psychological impacts of young disaster victims can be addressed by skilled local volunteers, medical professionals, and educators in primary health care programs. With the nation's overall social and economic recovery, children can recover more quickly from traumatic experiences.

References

  • Bohnhoff M, Martínez-Garzón P, Bulut F, Stierle E, Ben-Zion Y. Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone. Tectonophysics. 2016;674:147-65.
  • ungeneva.org [Internet]. The United Nations Office at Geneva. 1.5 million now homeless in Türkiye after quake disaster, warn UN development experts. [Updated: 2023 February 21; Cited: 2023 February 23]. Available from: https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/news/2023/02/78128/15-million-now-homeless-turkiye-after-quake-disaster-warn-un
  • undp.org [Internet]. United Nations Development Programme. Proposed Areas of UNDP Assistance for Recovery and Reconstruction after the 2023 Earthquakes in Türkiye. [Updated: 2023 February 24; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://www.undp.org/turkiye/publications/proposed-areas-undp-assistance-recovery-and-reconstruction-after-2023-earthquakes-turkiye
  • ttb.org.tr [Internet]. Turkish Medical Association. February 6, 2023 Earthquake Fact Sheet - 8: On infectious diseases after the earthquake. [Updated: 2023 February 11; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://www.ttb.org.tr/haber_goster.php?Guid=0ec14fe2-a9fb-11ed-b4b5-486b41055497. Turkish.
  • Ulloa RE, Sarmiento E. Patient characteristics associated with the need for long-term treatment in a child psychiatry hospital after the earthquake in Mexico City. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(1):16-8.
  • Tuik.gov.tr [Internet]. Turkish Statistical Institute. Child with Statistics, 2021. [Updated: 2022 April 20; Cited: 2023 February 24]. Available from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633. Turkish.
  • Carmassi C, Antonio Bertelloni C, Massimetti G, Miniati M, Stratta P, Rossi A, et al. Impact of DSM-5 PTSD and gender on impaired eating behaviors in 512 Italian earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225(1-2):64-9.
  • Ben-Ezra M, Shigemura J, Palgi Y, Hamama-Raz Y, Lavenda O, Suzuki M, et al. From Hiroshima to Fukushima: PTSD symptoms and radiation stigma across regions in Japan. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:185-6.
  • Goenjian AK, Roussos A, Steinberg AM, Sotiropoulou C, Walling D, Kakaki M, et al. Longitudinal study of PTSD, depression, and quality of life among adolescents after the Parnitha earthquake. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):509-15.
  • Hong C, Efferth T. Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016;17(5):542-61.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Berkem M, Bildik T. The effect of the earthquake on the application profile to the Marmara University Faculty of Medicine Child Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2001;2(1):29-35. Turkish.
  • Abali O, Tüzün Ü, Göktürk Ü, An Gürkan K, Alyanak B, Görker I. Acute psychological reactions of children and adolescents after the Marmara earthquake: A brief preliminary report. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;7(2):283-7. Turkish.
  • Liu K, Liang X, Guo L, Li Y, Li X, Xin B, et al. The acute stress disorder in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured in the Wenchuan earthquake of China. Stress Health. 2010;26(1):75-81.
  • Casacchia M, Bianchini V, Mazza M, Pollice R, Roncone R. Acute stress reactions and associated factors in the help-seekers after the L’Aquila earthquake. Psychopathology. 2013;46(2):120-30.
  • Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Gender differences in the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003;37(2):226-9.
  • Gökler Danışman I, Okay D. Disasters, children and adolescents: the impacts and psychological interventions. Turkiye Klinikleri J Psychol-Special Topics. 2017;2(3):189-97. Turkish.
  • Zhang W, Duan G, Xu Q, Jia Z, Bai Z, Liu W, et al. A cross-sectional study on posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychiatric morbidity among adult survivors 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(8):860-70.
  • Tang B, Deng Q, Glik D, Dong J, Zhang L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and children after earthquakes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1537.
  • Teramoto C, Matsunaga A, Nagata S. Cross-sectional study of social support and psychological distress among displaced earthquake survivors in Japan. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2015;12(4):320-9.
  • Bal A. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Turkish child and adolescent survivors three years after the Marmara earthquake. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2008;13(3):134-9.
  • Kadak MT, Nasıroğlu S, Boysan M, Aydın A. Risk factors predicting posttraumatic stress reactions in adolescents after 2011 Van earthquake. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(7):982-90.
  • Dell'Osso L, Carmassi C, Massimetti G, Daneluzzo E, Di Tommaso S, Rossi A. Full and partial PTSD among young adult survivors 10 months after the L'Aquila 2009 earthquake: gender differences. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1-3):79-83.
  • Xu J, Wang Y, Tang W. Risk factors of post-traumatic stress and depressive disorders in Longmenshan adolescents after the 2013 Lushan Earthquake. Community Ment Health J. 2019;55(3):497-506.
  • Pollice R, Bianchini V, Roncone R, Casacchia M. Psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young survivors of L'Aquila earthquake. Riv Psichiatr. 2012;47(1):59-64. Italian.
  • Rezayat AA, Sahebdel S, Jafari S, Kabirian A, Rahnejat AM, Farahani RH, et al. Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(4):1265-90.
  • Thienkrua W, Cardozo BL, Chakkraband ML, Guadamuz TE, Pengjuntr W, Tantipiwatanaskul P, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. JAMA. 2006;296(5):549-59.
  • Bremner JD. Alterations in brain structure and function associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999;4(4):249-55.
  • Coffman S. Children’s reactions to disaster. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13(6):376-82.
  • Zubenko WN. Developmental issues in stress and crisis. In: Zubenko WN, Capozzoli J, editors. Children and disasters: A practical guide to healing and recovery. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p.85-100.
  • Pynoos RS, Nader K. Children’s exposure to violence and traumatic death. Psychiatric Annals. 1990;20(6):334-44.
  • Pan X, Liu W, Deng G, Liu T, Yan J, Tang Y, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among junior high school students in worst-hit areas 3 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1985-94.
  • Tang W, Lu Y, Xu J. Post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescent earthquake victims: comorbidity and associated sleep-disturbing factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(11):1241-51.
  • Ginzburg K, Ein-Dor T, Solomon Z. Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression: a 20-year longitudinal study of war veterans. J Affect Disord. 2010;123(1-3):249-57.
  • Desai NG, Gupta DK, Srivastava RK. Prevalence, pattern and predictors of mental health morbidity following an intermediate disaster in an urban slum in Delhi: A modified cohort study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2004;46(1):39-51.
  • Tang W, Xu D, Yang Y, Xu J. Psychotic‐like experiences in Chinese children and adolescents: The effect of earthquake exposure, maltreatment and negative life events. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2021;15(3):536-46.
  • Ran MS, Zhang Z, Fan M, Li RH, Li YH, Ou GJ, et al. Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian J Psychiatry. 2015;13:66-71.
  • Cobham VE, McDermott B, Haslam D, Sanders MR. The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(6):53.
  • Yu XN, Lau JT, Zhang J, Mak WW, Choi KC, Lui WW, et al. Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake. J Affect Disord. 2010;123(1-3):327-31.
  • Chou FH, Wu HC, Chou P, Su CY, Tsai KY, Chao SS, et al. Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post‐disaster impact among Chi‐Chi earthquake survivors in Yu‐Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(4):370-8.
  • Fujiwara T, Yagi J, Homma H, Mashiko H, Nagao K, Okuyama M; Great East Japan Earthquake Follow-up for Children Study Team. Suicide risk among young children after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;253:318-24.
  • Kiliç C, Kiliç EZ, Aydin IO. Effect of relocation and parental psychopathology on earthquake survivor-children's mental health. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2011;199(5):335-41.
  • Valenti M, Di Giovanni C, Mariano M, Pino MC, Sconci V, Mazza M. Autism after an earthquake: the experience of L'Aquila (Central Italy) as a basis for an operative guideline. Epidemiol Prev. 2016;40(2 Suppl 1):49-52. Italian.
  • Kimura M. Negative social interactions and coping behaviors: experiences of Japanese mothers caring for children with special needs in disaster areas. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):247.
  • Austin LS, Godleski LS. Therapeutic approaches for survivors of disaster. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1999;22(4):897-910.
  • Pfefferbaum B. Caring for children affected by disaster. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1998;7(3):579-97.
  • Nagao K, Okuyama M, Miyamoto S, Haba T. Treating early mental health and post-traumatic symptoms of children in the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995;37(6):745-54.
  • Vernberg EM, Vogel JM. Part 2: Interventions with children after disasters. J Clin Child Psychol. 1993;22(4):485-98.
  • Coates S, Schechter D. Preschoolers traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;27(3):473-89.
  • Kar N. Psychological impact of disasters on children: review of assessment and interventions. World J Pediatr. 2009;5(1):5-11.
  • Pynoos RS, Nader K. Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: research implications. J Trauma Stress. 1988;1(4):445-73.
  • Nagao K, Okuyama M, Miyamoto S, Haba T. Treating early mental health and post-traumatic symptoms of children in the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1995;37(6):745-54.
  • Goenjian AK, Walling D, Steinberg AM, Karayan I, Najarian LM, Pynoos R. A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(12):2302-8.
  • Pfefferbaum B, Call JA, Sconzo GM. Mental health services for children in the first two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(7):956-8.
  • meb.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of National Education. MEM mobilizes with all its units to heal the wounds of the earthquake. [Updated: 2023 February 25; Cited: 2023 February 25]. Available from: https://www.meb.gov.tr/meb-mobilizes-with-all-its-units-to-heal-the-wounds-of-the-earthquake/haber/29161/en
  • saglik.gov.tr [Internet]. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. Special Child Support System. [Updated: 2020 October 2; Cited: 2023 February 25]. Available from: https://sbsgm.saglik.gov.tr/TR-73582/ozel-cocuk-destek-sistemi.html
  • Kar N, Misra BN. Mental health care following disasters: a handbook for disaster workers. 1st ed. Bhubaneswar, India: Quality of Life Research and Development Foundation; 2008.
  • Goenjian AK, Molina L, Steinberg AM, Fairbanks LA, Alvarez ML, Goenjian HA, et al. Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):788-94.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Invited Review
Authors

Gülen Güler Aksu 0000-0001-9555-3916

Yasemin İmrek 0000-0002-7925-6783

Publication Date April 30, 2023
Submission Date February 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güler Aksu, G., & İmrek, Y. (2023). The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Medical Journal, 25(1), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852
AMA Güler Aksu G, İmrek Y. The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Med J. April 2023;25(1):6-14. doi:10.18678/dtfd.1271852
Chicago Güler Aksu, Gülen, and Yasemin İmrek. “The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective”. Duzce Medical Journal 25, no. 1 (April 2023): 6-14. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852.
EndNote Güler Aksu G, İmrek Y (April 1, 2023) The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Medical Journal 25 1 6–14.
IEEE G. Güler Aksu and Y. İmrek, “The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective”, Duzce Med J, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 6–14, 2023, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.1271852.
ISNAD Güler Aksu, Gülen - İmrek, Yasemin. “The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective”. Duzce Medical Journal 25/1 (April 2023), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.1271852.
JAMA Güler Aksu G, İmrek Y. The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Med J. 2023;25:6–14.
MLA Güler Aksu, Gülen and Yasemin İmrek. “The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective”. Duzce Medical Journal, vol. 25, no. 1, 2023, pp. 6-14, doi:10.18678/dtfd.1271852.
Vancouver Güler Aksu G, İmrek Y. The Earthquake Disaster in Türkiye: A Review from Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Perspective. Duzce Med J. 2023;25(1):6-14.

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