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Türkiye’nin İstanbul Şehrindeki PV Panellerinin Optimum Eğim ve Yüzey Oryantasyon Açılarının Hesaplanması

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 27 - 48, 10.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.55007/dufed.1111097

Abstract

Dünyada özellikle İstanbul gibi büyük kentlerde bulunan yüksek binaların ve bu binaların meydana getirdiği gölgelerin özellikle büyük başkentlerde güneş ışınımının büyük bir kısmından yararlanılmasını engellemiş olması nedeniyle düşen güneş ışınımından yararlanma için alternatif çözümler aranmasına yol açmıştır. Güneş panelinin optimum eğim ve yönlendirme açısında ayarlanması bu çözümler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul'da (Türkiye) 41° 1' 0" K, 28° 58' 0" D koordinatlarınada, Ø = 41.0167 enlemdeki fotovoltaik panel için optimum eğim yönlendirme açısı belirlemek ve fotovoltaik panelde güneş ışınımının optimum eğim açısına azimut açısının etkisini açıklamaktır. Eğimli fotovoltaik panel yüzeyindeki toplam güneş ışınımını tahmin etmek üzere herhangi bir yüzey azimut açısını (ϒ) belirlemek için Klein ve Theilacker tarafından geliştirilen bir matematiksel model kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca güney yüz yönü için optimum eğim açısını hesaplamak üzere Liu – Jordan modeli kullanıldıktan sonra iki modelden elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, herhangi bir şehir için optimum eğim (β) ve azimut (oryantasyon) (ϒ) yüzey açılarını belirlemek üzere seçilen şehrin koordinatı sabit tutularak farklı yatay güneş ışınımları için bir Microsoft Excel elektronik tablosu oluşturulmuştur. İstanbul yatay güneş radyasyonu verileri, NASA tarafından dünya çapındaki enerji kaynaklarının (power) tahmininden elde edilerek hesaplamalar için kullanılmıştır. Optimum eğim (β) ve azimut (ϒ) açıları, yıl boyunca PV yüzeyindeki toplam radyasyonun maksimum olduğu açıların değerleri aranarak belirlenmiştir. Spesifik azimut açısı (ϒ) için (0 ila 90) derece arasında değiştiği maksimum güneş radyasyonunu gözlemlemek için optimum eğim açısının (β) değiştirilmesi gerektiği bulunmuştur. İstanbul şehrinde 0'dan büyük azimut açısı için yıllık maksimum güneş radyasyonu, 10 azimut açısına ve 30 eğim açısına eşit olduğunda 6033 Mj/m2 olduğu belirlenmiştir.

References

  • A. A. Hachicha, I. Al-Sawafta, and Z. Said, “Impact of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under United Arab Emirates weather conditions,” Renew. Energy, vol. 141, pp. 287–297, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.004.
  • N. Duffie, J. A., Beckman, W. A., & Blair, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2020.
  • K. Ulgen, “Optimum tilt angle for solar collectors,” Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 28, no. 13, pp. 1171–1180, 2006, doi: 10.1080/00908310600584524.
  • S. A. Klein and J. C. Theilacker, “An Algorithm for Calculating Monthly-Awerage Radiation on Inclined Surfaces,” J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans. ASME, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 29–33, 1981, doi: 10.1115/1.3266201.
  • S. F. Khahro, K. Tabbassum, S. Talpur, M. B. Alvi, X. Liao, and L. Dong, “Evaluation of solar energy resources by establishing empirical models for diffuse solar radiation on tilted surface and analysis for optimum tilt angle for a prospective location in southern region of Sindh, Pakistan,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, pp. 1073–1080, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.09.001.
  • Y. Lv, P. Si, X. Rong, J. Yan, Y. Feng, and X. Zhu, “Determination of optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collectors based on effective solar heat collection,” Appl. Energy, vol. 219, pp. 11–19, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.014.
  • M. A. A. Mamun, R. Md Sarkar, M. Parvez, J. Nahar, and M. Sohel Rana, “Determining the optimum tilt angle and orientation for photovoltaic (PV) systems in Bangladesh,” 2nd Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Eng. ICEEE 2017, pp. 1–4, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CEEE.2017.8412910.
  • G. Hailu and A. S. Fung, “Optimum tilt angle and orientation of photovoltaic thermal system for application in Greater Toronto Area, Canada,” Sustain., vol. 11, no. 22, 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11226443.
  • B. Abdullahi, S. B. Abubakar, N. M. Muhammad, R. K. Al-Dadah, and S. Mahmoud, “Optimum Tilt Angle for Solar Collectors used in Kano, Nigeria Open Access Bala,” J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2019.
  • S. Heibati, W. Maref, and H. H. Saber, “Developing a model for predicting optimum daily tilt angle of a PV solar system at different geometric, physical and dynamic parameters,” Adv. Build. Energy Res., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 179–198, 2021, doi: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1684366.
  • T. M. Y. Khan, M. Elahi. M. Soudagar, M. Kanchan, A. Afzal, N. R. Banapurmath, N. Akram, S. D. Mane & K. Shahapurkar, “Optimum location and influence of tilt angle on performance of solar PV panels,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 511–532, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-09089-5.
  • M. Nfaoui and K. El-Hami, “Optimal tilt angle and orientation for solar photovoltaic arrays: case of Settat city in Morocco,” Int. J. Ambient Energy, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 214–223, 2020, doi: 10.1080/01430750.2018.1451375.
  • R. Abdallah, A. Juaidi, S. Abdel-Fattah, and F. Manzano-Agugliaro, “Estimating the optimum tilt angles for south-facing surfaces in Palestine,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13030623.
  • M. Oh, J. Y. Kim, B. Kim, C. Y. Yun, C. K. Kim, Y. H. Kang, H. G. Kim “Tolerance angle concept and formula for practical optimal orientation of photovoltaic panels,” Renew. Energy, vol. 167, pp. 384–394, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.096.
  • L. Xu, E. Long, J. Wei, Z. Cheng, and H. Zheng, “A new approach to determine the optimum tilt angle and orientation of solar collectors in mountainous areas with high altitude,” Energy, vol. 237, pp. 121507, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121507.
  • S. Yadav, C. Hachem-Vermette, S. K. Panda, G. N. Tiwari, and S. S. Mohapatra, “Determination of optimum tilt and azimuth angle of BiSPVT system along with its performance due to shadow of adjacent buildings,” Sol. Energy, vol. 215, pp. 206–219, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.033.
  • Q. Hassan, M. K. Abbas, A. M. Abdulateef, J. Abulateef, and A. Mohamad, “Assessment the potential solar energy with the models for optimum tilt angles of maximum solar irradiance for Iraq,” Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 4, pp. 100140, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100140.
  • A. Sharma, M. A. Kallioğlu, A. Awasthi, R. Chauhan, G. Fekete, and T. Singh, “Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 26, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101185.
  • T. Liu, L. Liu, Y. He, M. Sun, J. Liu, and G. Xu, “A theoretical optimum tilt angle model for solar collectors from keplerian orbit,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14154454.
  • R. Gardashov, M. Eminov, G. Kara, E. G. Emecen Kara, T. Mammadov, and X. Huseynova, “The optimum daily direction of solar panels in the highlands, derived by an analytical method,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 120, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109668.
  • S. Yadav, S. K. Panda, and C. Hachem-Vermette, “Optimum azimuth and inclination angle of BIPV panel owing to different factors influencing the shadow of adjacent building,” Renew. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 381–396, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.018.
  • B. Y. H. Liu and R. C. Jordan, “The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation,” Sol. Energy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1–19, 1960, doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1.
  • D. G. Erbs, S. A. Klein, and J. A. Duffie, “Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation,” Sol. Energy, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 293–302, 1982, doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(82)90302-4.
  • NASA, “Surface meteorology and Solar Energy”, (2014). [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov.

Calculate the Optimum Slope and Surface Orientation Angles of PV Panels in the City of Istanbul, Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 27 - 48, 10.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.55007/dufed.1111097

Abstract

Because of the shadow of high buildings and huge urban development that the world is witnessing, especially in the large cities such as Istanbul, this led to prevent taking advantage from a large part of the falling solar radiation, which led to finding alternative solutions for the purpose of benefiting from the falling solar radiation. Among these solutions is the adjusting solar panel at the optimum slope and orientation angle. So the purpose of this study is to determine the optimum slope and orientation angle for a photovoltaic panel in Istanbul (Turkey) with coordinate of (41° 1′ 0″ N, 28° 58′ 0″ E), latitude of (Ø = 41.0167), and explain the effect of azimuth angle on the optimum slope angle of solar radiation on the photovoltaic panel. A mathematical model was developed by Klein and Theilacker to determine any surface azimuth angle (ϒ) was used to estimate the total solar radiation on the slope photovoltaic panel surface, also Liu – Jordan model was used for calculating the optimum tilt angle for south face direction and then comparison results with two models. In our study we used a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to determine optimum slope (β) and azimuth (orientation) (ϒ) surface angles for any city only by changing the coordinate and horizontal solar radiation of the selected city. For calculation purposes, horizontal solar radiation data for the city of Istanbul was obtained from the prediction of worldwide energy resources (power) by NASA. The optimum tilt (β) and azimuth (ϒ) angles were determined by searching for the values of angles for which the total radiation on the PV surface was maximum throughout the year. And for the specific azimuth angle (ϒ) changes from (0 to 90) degree It is found that the optimum tilt angle (β) should be changed to observe the maximum solar radiation. The annual maximum solar radiation in Istanbul city for azimuth angle greater than 0o was 6033 Mj/m2 at azimuth angle equal to 10o and tilt angle equal to 30o.

References

  • A. A. Hachicha, I. Al-Sawafta, and Z. Said, “Impact of dust on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems under United Arab Emirates weather conditions,” Renew. Energy, vol. 141, pp. 287–297, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.004.
  • N. Duffie, J. A., Beckman, W. A., & Blair, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2020.
  • K. Ulgen, “Optimum tilt angle for solar collectors,” Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 28, no. 13, pp. 1171–1180, 2006, doi: 10.1080/00908310600584524.
  • S. A. Klein and J. C. Theilacker, “An Algorithm for Calculating Monthly-Awerage Radiation on Inclined Surfaces,” J. Sol. Energy Eng. Trans. ASME, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 29–33, 1981, doi: 10.1115/1.3266201.
  • S. F. Khahro, K. Tabbassum, S. Talpur, M. B. Alvi, X. Liao, and L. Dong, “Evaluation of solar energy resources by establishing empirical models for diffuse solar radiation on tilted surface and analysis for optimum tilt angle for a prospective location in southern region of Sindh, Pakistan,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, pp. 1073–1080, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.09.001.
  • Y. Lv, P. Si, X. Rong, J. Yan, Y. Feng, and X. Zhu, “Determination of optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collectors based on effective solar heat collection,” Appl. Energy, vol. 219, pp. 11–19, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.014.
  • M. A. A. Mamun, R. Md Sarkar, M. Parvez, J. Nahar, and M. Sohel Rana, “Determining the optimum tilt angle and orientation for photovoltaic (PV) systems in Bangladesh,” 2nd Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Eng. ICEEE 2017, pp. 1–4, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CEEE.2017.8412910.
  • G. Hailu and A. S. Fung, “Optimum tilt angle and orientation of photovoltaic thermal system for application in Greater Toronto Area, Canada,” Sustain., vol. 11, no. 22, 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11226443.
  • B. Abdullahi, S. B. Abubakar, N. M. Muhammad, R. K. Al-Dadah, and S. Mahmoud, “Optimum Tilt Angle for Solar Collectors used in Kano, Nigeria Open Access Bala,” J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Therm. Sci., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2019.
  • S. Heibati, W. Maref, and H. H. Saber, “Developing a model for predicting optimum daily tilt angle of a PV solar system at different geometric, physical and dynamic parameters,” Adv. Build. Energy Res., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 179–198, 2021, doi: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1684366.
  • T. M. Y. Khan, M. Elahi. M. Soudagar, M. Kanchan, A. Afzal, N. R. Banapurmath, N. Akram, S. D. Mane & K. Shahapurkar, “Optimum location and influence of tilt angle on performance of solar PV panels,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 141, no. 1, pp. 511–532, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-09089-5.
  • M. Nfaoui and K. El-Hami, “Optimal tilt angle and orientation for solar photovoltaic arrays: case of Settat city in Morocco,” Int. J. Ambient Energy, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 214–223, 2020, doi: 10.1080/01430750.2018.1451375.
  • R. Abdallah, A. Juaidi, S. Abdel-Fattah, and F. Manzano-Agugliaro, “Estimating the optimum tilt angles for south-facing surfaces in Palestine,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 3, 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13030623.
  • M. Oh, J. Y. Kim, B. Kim, C. Y. Yun, C. K. Kim, Y. H. Kang, H. G. Kim “Tolerance angle concept and formula for practical optimal orientation of photovoltaic panels,” Renew. Energy, vol. 167, pp. 384–394, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.096.
  • L. Xu, E. Long, J. Wei, Z. Cheng, and H. Zheng, “A new approach to determine the optimum tilt angle and orientation of solar collectors in mountainous areas with high altitude,” Energy, vol. 237, pp. 121507, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121507.
  • S. Yadav, C. Hachem-Vermette, S. K. Panda, G. N. Tiwari, and S. S. Mohapatra, “Determination of optimum tilt and azimuth angle of BiSPVT system along with its performance due to shadow of adjacent buildings,” Sol. Energy, vol. 215, pp. 206–219, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.033.
  • Q. Hassan, M. K. Abbas, A. M. Abdulateef, J. Abulateef, and A. Mohamad, “Assessment the potential solar energy with the models for optimum tilt angles of maximum solar irradiance for Iraq,” Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 4, pp. 100140, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100140.
  • A. Sharma, M. A. Kallioğlu, A. Awasthi, R. Chauhan, G. Fekete, and T. Singh, “Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region,” Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 26, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101185.
  • T. Liu, L. Liu, Y. He, M. Sun, J. Liu, and G. Xu, “A theoretical optimum tilt angle model for solar collectors from keplerian orbit,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14154454.
  • R. Gardashov, M. Eminov, G. Kara, E. G. Emecen Kara, T. Mammadov, and X. Huseynova, “The optimum daily direction of solar panels in the highlands, derived by an analytical method,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 120, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109668.
  • S. Yadav, S. K. Panda, and C. Hachem-Vermette, “Optimum azimuth and inclination angle of BIPV panel owing to different factors influencing the shadow of adjacent building,” Renew. Energy, vol. 162, pp. 381–396, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.018.
  • B. Y. H. Liu and R. C. Jordan, “The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation,” Sol. Energy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1–19, 1960, doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1.
  • D. G. Erbs, S. A. Klein, and J. A. Duffie, “Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global radiation,” Sol. Energy, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 293–302, 1982, doi: 10.1016/0038-092X(82)90302-4.
  • NASA, “Surface meteorology and Solar Energy”, (2014). [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fıras Abed 0000-0003-1731-7568

Early Pub Date April 28, 2023
Publication Date June 10, 2023
Submission Date April 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE F. Abed, “Calculate the Optimum Slope and Surface Orientation Angles of PV Panels in the City of Istanbul, Türkiye”, DUFED, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 27–48, 2023, doi: 10.55007/dufed.1111097.


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