TÜRKİYE’NİN LİBYA’YA DAVETLE MÜDAHALESİ: İÇ SAVAŞLARA MÜDAHALE, ETKİSİZ BİR SİLAH AMBARGOSUNU İHLAL VE İÇ HUKUKA AYKIRILIK MESELELERİ

Year 2021, Volume: 26 Issue: 45, 225 - 259, 23.12.2021

Seyfullah Hasar

Abstract

Soğuk Savaşın bitiminden itibaren geçen yaklaşık 30 yıllık süre içerisinde, devletlerin diğer devletlerde cereyan eden iç çatışmalara bu devletlerin hükümetlerinin isteği üzerine askeri müdahalede bulunduğu en az 47 vaka vardır. Bir devlette o devletin hükümetinin rızası ile kuvvet kullanmak kural olarak devletler arası kuvvet kullanma yasağı bakımından büyük bir sorun teşkil etmezken, bir iç çatışma veya iç savaşla mücadele etmek zorunda kalan bir hükümetin elini muhaliflere karşı güçlendirmek amacıyla dışarıdan askeri yardım isteme hakkının olup olmadığı tartışmalıdır. Tartışma, bu tür bir yardımın devletlerin siyasi bağımsızlığı ilkesi ve halkların kendi geleceklerini tayin etme hakkı üzerindeki iddia edilen etkilerinden kaynaklanmaktadır.
Türkiye’nin 2020 yılında Libya’daki iç çatışmaya Libya hükümetinin daveti üzerine gerçekleştirdiği askeri müdahale bu tartışmayı oldukça ilgilendirmektedir. Bu müdahale, hem esas aktörler Türkiye ve Libya hem de üçüncü ülkeler bakımından, konuyla ilgili önemli miktarda devlet uygulaması ve opinio juris (uluslararası örf ve adet hukukunun unsurları) örneğinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Müdahalenin bu öneminden dolayı makale, müdahalenin hukukiliği konusunda bütün ilgili gerçekleri ve şartları değerlendirip kati bir hükme varma çabasına girmeden, müdahalenin ilgili örf ve adet hukuku bakımından nasıl bir emsal teşkil ettiğini araştırmaktadır.
Bu müdahalenin bir diğer önemi ise konuyu ilgilendiren fakat literatürde yeterince değinilmemiş ve kavramsallaştırılmamış bazı meselelere yol açmasıdır. Makale, bu müdahale bağlamında, bu meseleleri de aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunlardan bir tanesi, bir silah ambargosunun muhalifler lehine ihlal edilmesine karşılık olarak ilgili ambargoya rağmen hükümeti desteklemenin hukuka uygun olup olmadığıdır. Bir diğeri de, müdahaleye rıza gösteren ve müdahaleyi gerçekleştiren devletlerin kendi iç hukuklarına uyup uymamasının bir müdahalenin milletlerarası hukuk bakımından hukukiliğini etkileyip etkilemeyeceğidir.

Keywords

Davetle müdahale, talep üzerine askeri yardım, silah ambargolarını ihlal, milletlerarası hukukun üstünlüğü, kuvvet kullanma

TURKISH INTERVENTION BY INVITATION IN LIBYA: INTERVENTION IN CIVIL WARS, THE VIOLATION OF INEFFECTIVE ARMS EMBARGOES AND NON-COMPLIANCE WITH DOMESTIC LAW

Abstract

In the three decades since the end of the Cold War, there have been at least 47 occasions where States militarily intervened in the internal conflicts of other States at the request of their beleaguered governments. While using force in another State with the consent of its government do not in principle present an immediate challenge to the prohibition on the use of force between States, it is controversial whether a government challenged by an internal conflict or civil war can request foreign military assistance in order to bolster its hand against the opposition. This is due to the alleged implications of such assistance for the principle of the political independence of States and the right to self-determination of peoples.
Turkey’s 2020 intervention in the Libyan conflict at the invitation of the Libyan government reveals highly relevant and ample evidence of State practice and opinio juris – components of customary international law – on the part of both the protagonists, Turkey and Libya, and third States, with regard to this controversy. Given its such importance, this article aims to assess the precedential value of this intervention for the purpose of contributing to determining the state of customary law on the subject, without necessarily attempting to assess all the relevant facts and circumstances in order to reach a conclusive judgement on the lawfulness of the intervention.
Another significance of this intervention is that it gives rise to some questions pertinent to the subject but under-addressed and under-conceptualised in the literature. Against the backdrop of this intervention, this article also aims to shed light on these questions. One of them is whether supporting a government in violation of an arms embargo in response to a prior breach of the embargo in support of the opposition can be deemed lawful. The other is whether the compliance of the consenting or the intervening State with its own domestic law matters for the purpose of the legality of an intervention under international law.

Keywords

Intervention by invitation, military assistance on request, compliance with arms embargoes, supremacy of international law, use of force

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