Evrimci Ahlâkın Seyrini Değiştiren Filozof: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin'in Ahlâk Anlayışı

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 249 - 275, 31.12.2024

Tuğba Torun

https://doi.org/10.61272/duid.1553087

Abstract

Evrimci ahlâk anlayışı ile ilgili en büyük tartışmalar teoloji ve ahlâk alanında yapılmıştır ki teorinin özellikle klâsik teolojinin yaratılış düşüncesini kökten değiştiren bir yönü vardır. Bu tartışmalar ilk önce ve kuvvetli bir biçimde Hıristiyan Katolik dünyasında görülmüş; Katolik dünya evrim ve ona bağlı ahlâk anlayışını inançları için büyük bir tehlike olarak kabul etmiştir. Buna binaen teoloji ile evrim uzlaşmasını kabul edenler Kilise tarafından dışlanmış ve hatta aforoz edilmiştir. Bu muamelenin ilk muhataplarından birisi de Fransız teolog ve düşünür Pierre Teilhard De Chardin’dir. Chardin, evrimi Tanrı’nın bir yaratılış modeli olarak kabul etmiş dolayısıyla bu şekilde varlığa gelişin Hıristiyanlığın teolojisiyle çatışmayacağını ileri sürmüş; evrimi yatay düzlemden dikey düzleme taşımış ve evrimsel oluşun insanın ortaya çıkmasından itibaren dikey yönde bir ilerleme sürecine girdiğini ifade etmiştir. Klasik teolojik anlayışta bir ilk olan Chardin’in bu yaklaşımı insanın manevi ilerlemesinin farklı bir ifadesidir ve amaç İsa’ya ulaşmaktır. Bilinç kazanmış varlık olarak insanın ortaya çıkışı, bu bilincin İsa’ya doğru olan manevi ilerleyişi ahlâkın temellendirilmesi ve açıklanmasına yeni bir bakış kazandırmıştır. Türkiye’de Chardin’in biyolojik evrimden hareketle oluşturduğu ahlâk düşüncesine dair çalışmaların yok denilecek kadar az olması bu makaleyi önemli kılmaktadır. Buradan hareketle bir teolog olarak Chardin ve onun ahlâk düşüncesinin tanınması bu konunun tercih edilmesinin amacını oluşturmaktadır. Konunun ortaya konulmasında daha çok tasviri ve açıklamaya dayalı bir yöntem takip edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Chardin insan varlığının sadece biyolojik değil manevi bir ilerleme içinde de olduğunu, bununla insanın özünü farkettiğini söyleyerek modern var oluş fikirlerinden hareketle insanın ruh-beden bütünlüğünü bir kez daha vurgulamıştır.

Keywords

Biyolojik Evrim, Ahlak, Teoloji, Hıristiyanlık, Pierre Teilhard De Chardin

The Philosopher Who Change the Course of Evolutionary Morality Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s Morality

Abstract

The greatest debates have been made in the matter of theology and morality, and the theory has a component that especially changes classical theology's opinion of creation. These discussions were had for the first time and robustly in the Catholic Christian world; Catholic world considered evolution and the ethics understandings derived from it as a great threat for their beliefs. This perception of threat and danger has caused Vatican to develop an attitude that would refuse the theory of evolution. The people that accepted the reconciling of theology with evolution have been excluded from the church. One of the first interlocutors of this treatment was the French theologist and thinker Pierre Teilhard De Chardin. Chardin accepted evolution as a creation model by god and, accordingly, argued that, from that perspective, coming into being did not conflict with Christianity's theology. In doing so, he moved evolution from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane and stated that evolutionary being had a vertical progress since the emergence of humanity. He added a purpose to the upward direction he brought to evolutionary progress and stated that the purpose of humanity's spiritual progress was to reach Jesus. The emergence of man as a conscious being and the spiritual progress of this consciousness towards Jesus has brought a new prespective to the foundation and explanation of morality. The fact that there are almost no studies in Turkey on the moral thought that Chardin created based on biological evolution makes this article important. Based on this, the purpose of choosing this subject is to recognize Chardin as a theologian and his moral thought. A method based on description and explanation was followed in presenting the subject. As a result, Chardin once again emphasized the soulbody intgrity of the human being, based on modern ideas of existence, saying that human existence is not only in biological but also spiritual progress, thereby realizing the essence of the human being.

Keywords

Biological evolution, ethics, theology, Christianity, Pierre Teilhard De Chardin

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