AVRUPA’DAKİ AŞIRI SAĞ PARTİLERİN İDEOLOJİK YAPISI

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 20, 450 - 471, 30.11.2020

Bekir Halhalli

Abstract

Bu çalışma, popülist aşırı sağ partilerin Batı Avrupa'da yeniden yükselişini incelemekte ve son yıllarda neden bu kadar başarılı olduklarının ideolojik bileşenlerini ve yaşanan bu yükselişin ideolojik temellerini açıklamaktadır. Daha önce Cas Mudde tarafından yapılan çalışmalardan yola çıkarak popülist aşırı sağın hem asgari, hem de azami ideolojik özellikleri sunulacaktır. Asgari ideolojik tanım, bu tür partilerin ideolojik omurgasını tanımlar ve açıklık ve ayrıcalık avantajından yararlanırken; aynı zamanda popülist aşırı sağ ailesinin üyeleri olarak birçok araştırmacı tarafından kabul edilen bazı partileri dışlama riskini de taşımaktadır. Azami ideolojik tanımlama, daha kapsayıcı bir teorileştirme oluşturur. Bu tanımlama sınır çizgilerini daha bulanık hale getirme riskini taşıyor olsa da; potansiyel dışlama olasılığını azaltır. Böylece araştırma sonuçlarına daha iyi hizmet edebilmektedir. Ayrıca, çalışmada aşırı sağ partilerin yükselişini açıklayan teorik yaklaşımlarla birlikte bu partilerin odaklandığı (yabancı karşıtlığı, İslamofobi, göç ve AB şüpheciliği) temalara da değinilecektir.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This study examines the resurgence of populist far- right parties in Western Europe and explains the ideological components of why they have been so successful in the last decades. Based on Cas Mudde’s previous studies, both the minimum and maximum ideological characteristics of the populist extreme right will be presented. The minimum ideological definition defines the ideological backbone of such parties; while benefiting from the advantage of openness and privilege, it also carries the risk of exclusion from certain parties accepted by many researchers as members of the populist extreme right family. The maximum ideological definition constitutes a more inclusive theorization: the risk of making the border lines more turbulent, but this reduces the likelihood of potential exclusion and thus serves the research results better. In addition, the theoretical approaches that explain the rise of right-wing parties and the themes (xenophobe, Islamophobia, immigration and EU skepticism) of these parties will be discussed.

Keywords

Aşırı Sağ, Nativizm, Popülizm, Otoriterlik, Batı Avrupa

Thanks

Gelecek ilk (Cilt 10 - Sayı 20 - Kasım 2020) sayınızda yayınla bilirseniz müteşekkir olurum.

References

• AfD (2017). AfD Electoral Manifesto. https://www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/111/2017/04/2017-04-12_afd-grundsatzprogramm-englisch_web.pdf [10.10.2018]
• Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba press.
• Andersen, J. G., & Bjørklund, T. (1990). Structural changes and new cleavages: The Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway. Acta Sociologica, 33(3), 195–217.
• Betz, H. G. (1993). The new politics of resentment: radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics, 413-427.
• Betz, H., & Johnson, C. (2004). Against the current—stemming the tide: the nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(3), 311–327.
• Bustikova, L. (2017) The radical right in Eastern Europe,” in Jens Rydgren, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press
• Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16.
• De Lange, S. L. (2007). A new winning formula? The programmatic appeal of the radical right. Party Politics, 13(4), 411–435.
• Deiwiks, C. (2009). Populism. Living Reviews in Democracy, https://ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/cis-dam/CIS_DAM_2015/WorkingPapers/Living_Reviews_Democracy/Deiwiks.PDF
• DF. (2002). The Party Program of the Danish People’s Party. http://www.danskfolkeparti.dk/The_Party_Program_of_the_Danish_Peoples_Party
• Diez, T. (1999). “Speaking Europe: The Politics of Integration Discourse.” Manuscript for Journal of European Policy, 6(4): 1-25.
• Jäger, S., & Florentine M., (2009) Theoretical and methodological aspects of Foucauldian discourse analysis and dispositive analysis. Ss. 34-62 in Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer. London: Sage.
• Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
• Fairclough, N., & Ruth W. (1997). “Critical Discourse Analysis.” Ss. 258-284 in Discourse as Social Interaction, edited by Teun A. van Dijk. London: SAGE.
• FN. (2017). FN Electoral Manifesto. https://www.marine2017.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/projet-presidentiel-marine-le-pen.pdf
• FPÖ. (2011). Party Programme of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). https://www.fpoe.at/themen/parteiprogramm/parteiprogramm-englisch/
• FrP. (2015). Party Program of the Progress Party. https://www.frp.no/english
• Jungar, A., & Jupskås, A. R. (2014). Populist Radical Right Parties in the Nordic Region: A New and Distinct Party Family? Scandinavian Political Studies, 37(3), 215–238.
• Hawkins, K. A. (2009). Is Chávez populist? Measuring populist discourse in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), 1040–1067.
• Kallis, A. (2017) Islamophobia and the radical right,” in Jens Rydgren, ed. The OxfordHandbook of the Radical Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Koch, K. (1991). Back to Sarajevo or beyon Trianon-Some Thoughts on the Problem of Nationalism in Eastern-Europe, Netherlands Journal of Social Sciences 27 (1), 29-42.
• Meyer, TM & Miller, B (2013). The niche party concept and its measurement. Party Politics, 21(2): 259–271.
• Michaels, W. B. (1995). Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism. Duke University Press.
• Moffitt, B. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Mudde, C. (2016). On Extremism and Democracy in Europe, New York: Routledge Press.
• Mudde, C,. & K,. Cristóbal R. (2017). Populism. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Müller, JW. (2016). What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Reisigl, M., & R., Wodak. (2001). Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Anti-Semitism. London: Routledge.
• Rooduijn, M. (2015). The rise of the populist radical right in Western Europe. European View, 14(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0347-5
• Rydgren, J. (2004). Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark. West European Politics, 27(3), 474–502.
• Rydgren, J. (2005). Is extreme right‐wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family. European journal of political research, 44(3), 413-437.
• Rydgren, J. (2008) “Immigration Sceptics, Xenophobes, or Racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries.” European Journal of Political Research, 47: 737–765.
• Swyngedouw, M., & Ivaldi, G. (2001). The extreme right utopia in Belgium and France: The ideology of the Flemish Vlaams Blok and the French Front National. West European Politics, 24(3), 1–22.
• SVP. (2015). SVP Electoral Manifesto. http://www.svp.ch/de/assets/File/Parteiprogramm_SVP-englisch.pdf Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press.
• UKIP. (2017). UKIP Electoral Manifesto. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ukipdev/pages/3944/attachments/original/1495695469/UKIP_Manifesto_June2017opt.pdf?1495695469
• Wagner, M., & Meyer T. (2017) “The Radical Right as Niche Parties? The Ideological Landscape of Party Systems in Western Europe 1980-2014”. Political Studies, 65(1)
• Wodak, R. (2001). “The Discourse-historical Approach”, ss 63-95 in Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Ruth Wodak and Michael Mayer. London: SAGE.
• Wodak, R. (2007). “Discourses in European Union Organizations: Aspects of Access, Participation, and Exclusion”, Text & Talk 27: 655–80.
• Zaslove, A. (2004). “Closing the door? The ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in Austria and Italy”. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(1), 99–118.