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LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 24, 149 - 177, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1138523

Abstract

In parallel to the devolution of authority from member nations to the EU, the lobbying actions of various entities towards EU institutions have expanded over time. A variety of organisations coordinates lobbying efforts on behalf of EU institutions. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of a candidate country's interest groups' lobbying efforts by focusing on Turkey as a case.
Due to the length of the EU membership process, which has exceeded 20 years, Turkey is regarded as an exceptional case. This study examines the lobbying actions of four economic and two political bodies in Turkey between 1999 and 2021, based on a typological description of two sorts of groupings. In terms of research method, a two-stage approach was adopted by using qualitative and quantitative tools together. In the first stage, written documents were analysed to determine the institutions’ general attitudes towards the EU accession process and the topics they focus on. The documents in question includes periodic activity reports, thematic reports, press releases, statements of institution representatives for non-governmental organizations and party programs, election manifestos, statements of party leaders or representatives, and parliamentary minutes for political parties. In addition, the news in the national media about the activities of the institutions was examined through an extensive media scan. Following this, in the second stage, semi-structured questionnaires were prepared for all institutions and answers were sought in in-depth interviews with EU representatives of the institutions examined, EU decision makers who are the addressees of the lobbying activities, and relevant experts on lobbying in the EU.
According to the findings of the research, the study suggests that variations in Turkey-EU relations have a detrimental impact on the lobbying actions of these entities. However, the lobbying actions of the entities listed below are less influenced by these changes. These are the groups that focus on their particular field of operations at the technical level rather than the Turkish accession process and create deeper relationships with transnational umbrella organizations. The statistics imply that non-governmental organizations are more effective than political parties in EU lobbying actions.

References

  • Alemdar, Z. (2005) Civil Society and Intergovernmental Organizations: Turkish Domestic Organizations Exercising Influence via The European Union, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Kentucky.
  • AB’ye “sivil” çıkarma. (2004, November 23). Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/abye-sivil-cikarma-2713336
  • AB için sivil işbirliği. (2002, November 25). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ab-icin-sivil-isbirligi-111707
  • Aka, H. B., & Özkural, N. (2015). Turkey and the European Union: A Review of Turkey’s Readmission Agreement. The European Legacy, 20(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2015.1004908
  • Aktar, C. (2005). Avrupa Hareketi 2002 Deneyimi (E. 4).
  • Avcı, G. (2004). Turkish political parties and the EU discourse in the post-Helsinki period: a case of Europeanization. 214–234. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203238875-21
  • Avcı, G. (2011). The justice and development party and the EU: Political pragmatism in a changing environment. In South European Society and Politics, 16(3), pp. 409–421). https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2011.598357
  • Avrupalı işadamları: Türkiye AB için önemli. (1999, January 4). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/avrupali-isadamlari-turkiye-ab-icin-onemli-39117148
  • Baykal, S., & Arat, T. (2013). AB’yle İlişkiler. In B. Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar (2nd Ed, pp. 349–400). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Beyers, J., Eising, R., & Maloney, W. (2008). Researching interest group politics in Europe and elsewhere: Much we study, little we know? West European Politics, 31(6), 1103–1128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380802370443
  • Bunea, A., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2014). The state of the discipline: authorship, research designs, and citation patterns in studies of EU interest groups and lobbying. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.936483
  • Chalmers, A. W. (2013). Trading information for access: informational lobbying strategies and interest group access to the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.693411
  • Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi: Pusula ’07. (2007). https://chp.azureedge.net/a8a787fdd8024b5e8753a33a81fd0a40.pdf
  • Eckhardt, J. (2011). No Title. Journal of World Trade, 45(5), 965–991.
  • Erhan, Ç., & Akdemir, E. (2016). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Müzakere Sürecinde İlk On Yılın Muhasebesi (2005-2015). Bilig, 78, 7–35.
  • Ermeni iddialarıyla ilgili ‘lobi’ye devam…TOBB ETÜ’de araştırma enstitüsü kuruluyor. (2012). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=1200&lst=MansetListesi
  • EUROCHAMBRES Başkanlık Divanı Toplandı. (2005). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=317&lst=Arsiv
  • Gullberg, A. T. (2013). Pressure or Information? Lobbying for Binding Renewable Energy Targets in the European Union. Review of Policy Research, 30(6), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12049
  • Güzel Günler Göreceğiz: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi 2002 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2002). https://chp.azureedge.net/b6bdceb40e6f4f4d8fe40f11ce4cbd30.pdf
  • Her şey Türkiye için: AK Parti Seçim Beyannamesi. (2002).
  • İKV, haftaya Prodi’ye gidiyor. (1999, November 20). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/ikv-haftaya-prodiye-gidiyor-39114536
  • KAGİDER Faaliyet Raporu 2009-2011. https://www.kagider.org/docs/default-source/Faaliyet-Raporları/kagiderfaaliyetraporu2009-2011.pdf?sfvrsn=6
  • Kaleağası, B. (2011). G20 Gezegeni 2 Dünya Nasıl Değişiyor? Türkiye Nereye Gidiyor? Doğan Kitap.
  • Kaya, A., & Kentel, F. (2005). Euro-Turks: A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union? A Comparative Study of French-Turks and German-Turks. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 14, 1 January 2005. CEPS. http://aei.pitt.edu/6771/%5Cnhttp://aei.pitt.edu/6771/1/1189_14.pdf
  • Kaygusuz, Ö. (2013). Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin “Möbius” Şeridi: AKP Reformculuğu ve AB Çokkültürlülüğü. In İ. Uzgel & B. Duru (Ed.), AKP Kitabı: Bir Dönüşümün Bilançosu (2002-2009) (3. baskı, pp. 410–438). Phoneix Yayınları.
  • Klüver, H. (2013a). Lobbying in the European Union: Interest Groups, Lobbying Coalitions, Oxford University Press.
  • Klüver, H. (2013b). Lobbying as a collective enterprise: winners and losers of policy formulation in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.699661
  • Macmillan, C. (2010). Privileged partnership, open ended accession negotiations and the securitisation of Turkey’s EU accession process. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 18(4), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2010.535698
  • Mahoney, C. (2007). Lobbying success in the United States and the European union. Journal of Public Policy, 27(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000608
  • Marshall, D. (2010). Who to lobby and when: Institutional determinants of interest group strategies in European Parliament committees. European Union Politics, 11(4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116510382462
  • Nas, Ç. (2017). Türkiye’de Avrupa Birliği Algıları. In B. Akçay & S. Akgül Açıkmeşe (Ed.), Yarım Asrın Ardından Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar (2. baskı, pp. 569–596). Seçkin.
  • Nye, J., Welch, D., Nye, J., & Akman, R. (2011). Küresel çatışmayı ve işbirliğini anlamak: Kurama ve tarihe giriş. İş Bankası.
  • Öniş, Z. (2003). Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era. Turkish Studies, 4(1), 9–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/714005718
  • Öniş, Z. (2004). The political economy of Turkey’s justice and development party. In The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Parti (pp. 207–234). University of Utah. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.659463
  • Özgürlüğün ve Umudun Ülkesi Herkesin Türkiye’si: CHP 2011 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2011). https://chp.azureedge.net/2a443c86b19546e7b44a41bd05750242.pdf
  • Rasmussen, A., & Alexandrova, P. (2012). Foreign Interests Lobbying Brussels: Participation of non-EU Members in Commission Consultations. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(4), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02251.x
  • Saatçioǧlu, B. (2014). AKP’s “Europeanization” in Civilianization, Rule of Law and Fundamental Freedoms: The Primacy of Domestic Politics. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2013.864185
  • Sancar, G. A. (2014). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler,. Beta Yayınları.
  • Tezcan, E., & Aras, İ. (2005). Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nde Euroseptisizm: Avrupa Birliği Desteğinin Eleştiriye Dönüşümü. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 11(41), 1–35.
  • Tocci, N. (2013). Türkiye’nin Avrupa’daki Geleceği: ABD - AB - Ortadoğu üçgeninde Türkiye’nin yeri. İnkılap Yayınları.
  • TUSIAD: AB’ye doğru gidişimizin önünde kimse duramaz. (2002, March 14). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/tusiad-abye-dogru-gidisimizin-onunde-kimse-duramaz-38359606
  • Uğur, M., & Yankaya, D. (2008). Policy Entrepreneurship, Policy Opportunism, and EU Conditionality: AKP and TUSIAD Experience in Turkey. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 21(4), 581–601.
  • Ülgen, S., & Yenigün Dilek, P. (2015). Gümrük Birliği’nde Yeni Dönem ve İş Dünyası. https://doi.org/Yayın No: T/2015,10-568 Yaşanacak Bir Türkiye: 2015 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2015). https://chp.azureedge.net/41d1fed67c144d45b4b3d5f770e3e243.pdf
  • Yılmaz, G. (2014). EU Conditionality Is Not the Only Game in Town! Domestic Drivers of Turkey’s Europeanization. Turkish Studies, 15(2), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2014.926239
  • Yurttaş, A. & Şekercioğlu, S. (2019). The EU’s Changing Discourse in the EU Documents on Civil Society in Turkey. In Catherine MacMillan (Ed.), Contemporary Perspectives on Turkey’s EU Accession Process: A Reluctant European? (pp. 18–36). Cambridge Scholar Publishing.
  • Interviews Amanda Paul (2017) Lobbying Activities of Interest Groups During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 30 June 2017, EPC, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Asiye Bilgin (2017) Lobbying Activities of AKP During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 20 September 2017, AKP, online interview.
  • Aslıhan Tekin (2017) Lobbying Activities of KAGIDER During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 14 December 2017, KAGİDER, online interview.
  • Bahadır Kaleağası (2017) Lobbying Activities of TUSIAD During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 1 November 2017, TUSIAD, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Dilek Aydın (2017) Lobbying Activities of TUSIAD During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 27 June 2017, TUSIAD, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Haluk Nuray (2017) Lobbying Activities of IKV During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 29 June 2017, İKV, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Kader Sevinç (2017) Lobbying Activities of CHP During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 23 June 2017, CHP, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Laura Batalla Adam (2017) Lobbying Activities of Interest Groups During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 12 July 2017, European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium.
  • Mustafa Bayburtlu (2018) Lobbying Activities of TOBB During Turkey’s EU membership Process, 20 Ocak 2018, TOBB, online interview.

TÜRKİYE’NİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÜYELİĞİ SÜRECİNDE ÇIKAR GRUPLARININ LOBİ FAALİYETLERİ

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 24, 149 - 177, 28.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1138523

Abstract

Üye devletlerden Avrupa Birliği kurumlarına yetki aktarımındaki artışla birlikte, çıkar gruplarının Birlik kurumlarını hedef alan lobi faaliyetlerinde artış görülmektedir. Birçok farklı çıkar grubu bu süreçte Birlik düzeyinde lobi faaliyetleri yürütmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AB adayı bir ülke olarak Türkiye’den siyasi ve ekonomik çıkar gruplarının yürüttükleri lobi faaliyetlerini ve bu faaliyetlerin hangi şartlar altında etkin olabildiğini yansıtmaktır.
Çalışma kapsamında, adaylık süreci 20 yılı aşan ve bu yönüyle diğer aday ülkelerden ayrışan Türkiye’den iki siyasi ve dört iktisadi kuruluşun 1999-2021 arasında yürüttükleri lobi faaliyetleri mercek altına alınmıştır. Araştırma yöntemi açısından kalitatif ve kantitatif araçlardan birlikte faydalanılarak, çalışmada iki aşamalı bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Birinci aşamada, incelenen kurumların AB katılım sürecine ilişkin genel tutumlarının ve hangi konu başlıklarına daha fazla önem verdiklerinin belirlenmesi için yazılı belgeler incelenmiştir. Söz konusu belgeler; sivil toplum kuruluşları için dönemsel faaliyet raporlarını, tematik raporları, basın bültenlerini, kurum temsilcilerinin açıklamalarını, siyasi partiler içinse parti programlarını, seçim bildirgelerini, parti liderlerinin ya da temsilcilerinin açıklamalarını ve TBMM tutanaklarını kapsamaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra, yapılan basın taramasıyla kurumların çalışmalarına ilişkin basında yer alan haberler de incelenmiştir. Bu belgelerin incelenmesinin ardından, ikinci aşamada ise tüm kurumlara yönelik yarı yapılandırılmış soru formları hazırlanmış ve incelenen kurumların AB temsilcileriyle, bu kruumların yürüttüğü lobi çalışmalarının muhatabı olan AB karar alıcılarıyla ve diğer uzmanlar olarak adlandırdığımız, AB’de lobicilik konusundaki uzmanlarla yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlarda bu sorulara yanıt aranmıştır.
Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, odaklanılan grupların lobi faaliyetlerinin AB-Türkiye ilişkilerindeki iniş çıkışlardan önemli ölçüde etkilendikleri görülmüştür. Bunun yanında, Türkiye’nin üyelik sürecine dair çalışmalar yerine kendi çalışma alanlarına odaklanan, bu alanlarda siyasi değil teknik düzeyde lobi faaliyetleri yürüten ve özellikle ulusüstü çatı kuruluşlarla güçlü ilişkiler geliştiren gruplar, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerindeki dalgalanmalardan daha az etkilenmektedir. Diğer taraftan, çalışmadan incelenen farklı türde gruplar arasında tipolojik bir ayrıma gidilmiş ve iktisadi çıkar gruplarının siyasi gruplara nazaran Birlik düzeyinde daha etkin lobi faaliyetleri yürüttüğü görülmüştür.

References

  • Alemdar, Z. (2005) Civil Society and Intergovernmental Organizations: Turkish Domestic Organizations Exercising Influence via The European Union, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Kentucky.
  • AB’ye “sivil” çıkarma. (2004, November 23). Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/abye-sivil-cikarma-2713336
  • AB için sivil işbirliği. (2002, November 25). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ab-icin-sivil-isbirligi-111707
  • Aka, H. B., & Özkural, N. (2015). Turkey and the European Union: A Review of Turkey’s Readmission Agreement. The European Legacy, 20(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2015.1004908
  • Aktar, C. (2005). Avrupa Hareketi 2002 Deneyimi (E. 4).
  • Avcı, G. (2004). Turkish political parties and the EU discourse in the post-Helsinki period: a case of Europeanization. 214–234. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203238875-21
  • Avcı, G. (2011). The justice and development party and the EU: Political pragmatism in a changing environment. In South European Society and Politics, 16(3), pp. 409–421). https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2011.598357
  • Avrupalı işadamları: Türkiye AB için önemli. (1999, January 4). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/avrupali-isadamlari-turkiye-ab-icin-onemli-39117148
  • Baykal, S., & Arat, T. (2013). AB’yle İlişkiler. In B. Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar (2nd Ed, pp. 349–400). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Beyers, J., Eising, R., & Maloney, W. (2008). Researching interest group politics in Europe and elsewhere: Much we study, little we know? West European Politics, 31(6), 1103–1128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380802370443
  • Bunea, A., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2014). The state of the discipline: authorship, research designs, and citation patterns in studies of EU interest groups and lobbying. Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2014.936483
  • Chalmers, A. W. (2013). Trading information for access: informational lobbying strategies and interest group access to the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.693411
  • Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi: Pusula ’07. (2007). https://chp.azureedge.net/a8a787fdd8024b5e8753a33a81fd0a40.pdf
  • Eckhardt, J. (2011). No Title. Journal of World Trade, 45(5), 965–991.
  • Erhan, Ç., & Akdemir, E. (2016). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Müzakere Sürecinde İlk On Yılın Muhasebesi (2005-2015). Bilig, 78, 7–35.
  • Ermeni iddialarıyla ilgili ‘lobi’ye devam…TOBB ETÜ’de araştırma enstitüsü kuruluyor. (2012). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=1200&lst=MansetListesi
  • EUROCHAMBRES Başkanlık Divanı Toplandı. (2005). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=317&lst=Arsiv
  • Gullberg, A. T. (2013). Pressure or Information? Lobbying for Binding Renewable Energy Targets in the European Union. Review of Policy Research, 30(6), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.12049
  • Güzel Günler Göreceğiz: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi 2002 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2002). https://chp.azureedge.net/b6bdceb40e6f4f4d8fe40f11ce4cbd30.pdf
  • Her şey Türkiye için: AK Parti Seçim Beyannamesi. (2002).
  • İKV, haftaya Prodi’ye gidiyor. (1999, November 20). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/ikv-haftaya-prodiye-gidiyor-39114536
  • KAGİDER Faaliyet Raporu 2009-2011. https://www.kagider.org/docs/default-source/Faaliyet-Raporları/kagiderfaaliyetraporu2009-2011.pdf?sfvrsn=6
  • Kaleağası, B. (2011). G20 Gezegeni 2 Dünya Nasıl Değişiyor? Türkiye Nereye Gidiyor? Doğan Kitap.
  • Kaya, A., & Kentel, F. (2005). Euro-Turks: A Bridge or a Breach between Turkey and the European Union? A Comparative Study of French-Turks and German-Turks. CEPS EU-Turkey Working Papers No. 14, 1 January 2005. CEPS. http://aei.pitt.edu/6771/%5Cnhttp://aei.pitt.edu/6771/1/1189_14.pdf
  • Kaygusuz, Ö. (2013). Türkiye-AB İlişkilerinin “Möbius” Şeridi: AKP Reformculuğu ve AB Çokkültürlülüğü. In İ. Uzgel & B. Duru (Ed.), AKP Kitabı: Bir Dönüşümün Bilançosu (2002-2009) (3. baskı, pp. 410–438). Phoneix Yayınları.
  • Klüver, H. (2013a). Lobbying in the European Union: Interest Groups, Lobbying Coalitions, Oxford University Press.
  • Klüver, H. (2013b). Lobbying as a collective enterprise: winners and losers of policy formulation in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2012.699661
  • Macmillan, C. (2010). Privileged partnership, open ended accession negotiations and the securitisation of Turkey’s EU accession process. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 18(4), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2010.535698
  • Mahoney, C. (2007). Lobbying success in the United States and the European union. Journal of Public Policy, 27(1), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X07000608
  • Marshall, D. (2010). Who to lobby and when: Institutional determinants of interest group strategies in European Parliament committees. European Union Politics, 11(4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116510382462
  • Nas, Ç. (2017). Türkiye’de Avrupa Birliği Algıları. In B. Akçay & S. Akgül Açıkmeşe (Ed.), Yarım Asrın Ardından Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar (2. baskı, pp. 569–596). Seçkin.
  • Nye, J., Welch, D., Nye, J., & Akman, R. (2011). Küresel çatışmayı ve işbirliğini anlamak: Kurama ve tarihe giriş. İş Bankası.
  • Öniş, Z. (2003). Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era. Turkish Studies, 4(1), 9–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/714005718
  • Öniş, Z. (2004). The political economy of Turkey’s justice and development party. In The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Parti (pp. 207–234). University of Utah. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.659463
  • Özgürlüğün ve Umudun Ülkesi Herkesin Türkiye’si: CHP 2011 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2011). https://chp.azureedge.net/2a443c86b19546e7b44a41bd05750242.pdf
  • Rasmussen, A., & Alexandrova, P. (2012). Foreign Interests Lobbying Brussels: Participation of non-EU Members in Commission Consultations. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(4), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02251.x
  • Saatçioǧlu, B. (2014). AKP’s “Europeanization” in Civilianization, Rule of Law and Fundamental Freedoms: The Primacy of Domestic Politics. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2013.864185
  • Sancar, G. A. (2014). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Uluslararası Halkla İlişkiler,. Beta Yayınları.
  • Tezcan, E., & Aras, İ. (2005). Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nde Euroseptisizm: Avrupa Birliği Desteğinin Eleştiriye Dönüşümü. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 11(41), 1–35.
  • Tocci, N. (2013). Türkiye’nin Avrupa’daki Geleceği: ABD - AB - Ortadoğu üçgeninde Türkiye’nin yeri. İnkılap Yayınları.
  • TUSIAD: AB’ye doğru gidişimizin önünde kimse duramaz. (2002, March 14). Hürriyet. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/tusiad-abye-dogru-gidisimizin-onunde-kimse-duramaz-38359606
  • Uğur, M., & Yankaya, D. (2008). Policy Entrepreneurship, Policy Opportunism, and EU Conditionality: AKP and TUSIAD Experience in Turkey. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 21(4), 581–601.
  • Ülgen, S., & Yenigün Dilek, P. (2015). Gümrük Birliği’nde Yeni Dönem ve İş Dünyası. https://doi.org/Yayın No: T/2015,10-568 Yaşanacak Bir Türkiye: 2015 Seçim Bildirgesi. (2015). https://chp.azureedge.net/41d1fed67c144d45b4b3d5f770e3e243.pdf
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şükrü Alper Yurttaş 0000-0003-3461-8290

Publication Date November 28, 2022
Submission Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date August 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 24

Cite

APA Yurttaş, Ş. A. (2022). LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 149-177. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1138523
AMA Yurttaş ŞA. LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. November 2022;12(24):149-177. doi:10.53092/duiibfd.1138523
Chicago Yurttaş, Şükrü Alper. “LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no. 24 (November 2022): 149-77. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1138523.
EndNote Yurttaş ŞA (November 1, 2022) LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12 24 149–177.
IEEE Ş. A. Yurttaş, “LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY”, Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 24, pp. 149–177, 2022, doi: 10.53092/duiibfd.1138523.
ISNAD Yurttaş, Şükrü Alper. “LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 12/24 (November 2022), 149-177. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1138523.
JAMA Yurttaş ŞA. LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12:149–177.
MLA Yurttaş, Şükrü Alper. “LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY”. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 24, 2022, pp. 149-77, doi:10.53092/duiibfd.1138523.
Vancouver Yurttaş ŞA. LOBBYING ACTIVITIES OF INTEREST GROUPS DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS OF TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;12(24):149-77.

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