Bentonitin kireç ve tüf ile stabilizasyonu sonrasında meydana gelen dokusal değişimlerin Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi (FT-IR) Spektroskopisi yöntemi ile incelenmesi
Year 2022,
, 599 - 610, 30.09.2022
Yasemin Aslan
,
Zülfü Gürocak
Abstract
Puzolanik özeliğe sahip katkı malzemeleri kullanılarak killi zeminlerin geoteknik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi olarak tanımlanan stabilizasyon, kolay uygulanabilir ve ekonomik bir yöntem olması nedeniyle günümüzde çok fazla tercih edilmektedir. Stabilizasyon, zemine eklenen katkı malzemesi ve zemin arasında meydana gelen puzolanik reaksiyonların bir sonucu olarak meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, katkı malzemesi olarak farklı özellikteki tüfler ile birlikte sönmüş kireç kullanılarak hazırlanan karışımların Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) kullanılarak bentonitin ve katkılı örneklerin mikroyapısal değişimleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla farklı oranlarda sönmüş kireç ile birlikte asidik ve bazik karakterli tüflerin katkı malzemesi olarak kullanıldığı örnekler hazırlanmış ve bu örneklerde 28 günlük kür sonrasında FT-IR analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda kireç ve tüflerin eklenmesiyle 1412 cm-1, 1417 cm-1, 1451 cm-1, 1470 cm-1, 1472 cm-1 dalga sayısında yeni pikler oluşmuştur. Bu dalga sayılarında oluşan pikler kireçteki Ca-O bağlarının özelliğidir. Kireç miktarının artmasıyla Ca-O bağlarının oluşturduğu pik sayısı artmıştır. %10 kireç katkılı örnekte hem dalga sayısında hem de geçirgenlik değerlerinde en fazla değişim meydana gelmiştir.
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Year 2022,
, 599 - 610, 30.09.2022
Yasemin Aslan
,
Zülfü Gürocak
References
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- [19] D.N. Little et al., “Guidelines for mixture design and thickness design for stabilized bases and subgrades,” Austin,Texas: Texas A and M University, 1995.
- [20] M. Ç. Karakaya, “Kil minerallerinin özellikleri ve tanımlama yöntemleri,” Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara, 2006, pp. 541-595.
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- [22] Anonim,“ https://www.petkim.com.tr/Userfiles/File/uretim/kalitekontrol-teknikservis/Plastik.pdf,” Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022.
- [23] F. Puertas, A. Fernandez-Jimenez and M.T. Blanco-Varela, “Pore solution ın alkaliactivated slag cement pastes. relation to the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate,” Cement And Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 1, 139-148, 2004.
- [24] C.E.M. Gomes and O.P. Ferreira “Analyses of microstructural proporties of Va/VeoVa copolymer modified cement pastes,” Polimeros: Ciencia E Tecnologia, vol. 15, no. 3, 2005, pp. 193-198.
- [25] M.J. Varast, M.A. De Buergo and R., Fort, “Natural cement as the precursor of Portland cement: methodology for its identification,” Cement And Concrete Research, vol. 35 pp. 2055-2065, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.045, 2005.
- [26] F. Puertas and A. Fernandez-Jimenez,“ Mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of alkali-activated fly ash/slag pastes,” Cement & Concrete Composites, vol. 25, pp. 287-292, DOI: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00059-8, 2003.
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- [28] Y. Cheng, et al., “Engineering and mineralogical properties of stabilized expansive soil compositing lime and natural pozzolans,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 187, pp. 1031-1038, 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.061.
- [29] A. Tabak, et al., “Characterization and pillaring of a Turkish bentonite (Resadiye),” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 313, no. 1, pp. 5-11, 2007, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.086.
- [30] A. Eisazadeh, K.A. Kassim, H. Nur, “Solid-state NMR and FTIR studies of lime stabilized montmorillonitic and lateritic clays,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 67-68, pp. 5-10, 2012, DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.05.006.
- [31] S. Bandipally, “Characterızatıon of lıme-treated soıls for assessıng short-term strength behavior”, Master Thesis, Geotechnıcal Engıneerıng Division ,Department Of Cıvıl Engıneerıng, Indian Institute Of Technology Madras, 2017.
- [32] Z. Kechouane, and A. Nechnech, “Characterization of an expansive clay treated with lime: Effect of compaction on the swelling pressure,” 4th International Congress in Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science (APMAS 2014), pp. 020057-1–020057-8, 2015, DOI: 10.1063/1.4914248.
- [33] K.A. Saeed, et al., “Physico-chemical characterization of lime stabilized tropical kaolin clay,” Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 72, no. 3, 83-90, 2015, DOI: 10.11113/jt.v72.4021.
- [34] A. Safa Özcan, “Doğal bentonitin karakterizasyonu ve kurşun(II) iyonlarını adsorpsiyon yeteneği,” Anadolu Üniversitesi, BAÜ Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi vol. 12, no. 2, 85-97, 2010.
- [35] C. Bilgiç and Ş. Bilgiç, Aapplication of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analysis of clays,” Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(IMSMATEC Özel Sayı), pp. 37-46, 2018, DOI: 10.17100/nevbiltek.632788.
- [36] A. Hajimohammadi, J.L. Provis and J.S.J. van Deventer, “The effect of silica availability on the mechanism of geopolymerisation,” Cement and Concrete Research vol. 41, no. 3, 210-216, 2011, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.02.001.
- [37] K. Bukka, J.D. Miller and J. Shabtai, “FTIR Study of deuterated montmorillonites: structural features relevant to pillared clay stability,” Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 40, pp. 92-102, DOI: 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400110 1992.
- [38] J. Madejova and P. Komadel, “Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: infrared methods. Clays and Clay Minerals, vol. 49, no. 5, pp.410-432, 2001.
- [39] H.W.V.D. Marel and H. Beutelspacher, “Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures. Elsevier Scientific Publishing, Amsterdam, 1976.
- [40] S. Gunasekaran, G. Anbalagan, “Spectroscopic characterization of natural calcite minerals,” Spectrochimica Acta (Part A) vol. 68, pp. 656-664, 2007, DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.12.043.
- [41] K. Nacamoto, “Infrared Spectra of Inorganic and Coordinated Compounds” Wiley, New York, 1970.
- [42] A. Akbulut, “Bentonit," MTA Eğitim Serisi-32, Ankara, 1996.
- [43] Y. Önem, “Sanayi Madenleri,” Kozan Ofset, Ankara, 2000.
- [44] S. Genç, “Şişen Zeminler ve Bentonit-kaolin karışımlarının şişme özellikleri,” Yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 2009.
- [45] Y. Aslan Topçuoğlu, “Farklı katkı maddelerinin zeminlerin mühendislik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi,” Doktora tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ, 2020.
- [46] Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort, American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D698- 12e2, 2012.