Investigation of the Effect of Nitriding on the Oxidation of HS 188 Superalloy Used in the Defense Industry

Abstract

HAYNES 188 (HS 188) alloy possess high temperature strength which enables excellent resistance against prolonged exposure in oxidative environments, such as that in aircraft or tank engine components, combustion chambers and rocket nozzle applications. This paper is focused on improving the oxidation resistance of HS 188 alloy by means of gas nitriding treatments in order to develop surface and subsurface metallurgy. The enlisting of materials for the research was followed by assessment and metallography of the alloy. The samples were subjected to gas nitriding followed by isothermal air oxidation at 1175°C for 10 days. Subsequent to the oxidation process weight change in the samples was determined gravimetrically, while their performance was characterized by SEM-EDS, XRF, XPS and microhardness measurements. The results are aimed to enhance the high temperature properties of the HS 188 alloy towards the aim of contributing towards the design and development of modern aircraft engine parts. In addition, the study is expected to serve as an important source during the development of domestic and national engines of Turkey.

Keywords

• HS 188® superalloy
• gas nitriding
• isothermal oxidation

Savunma Sanayisinde Kullanılan HS 188 Süperalaşımının Oksidasyonu Üzerine Nitrasyon Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

HAYNES 188 (HS 188) alaşımları, yüksek sıcaklık dayanım özellikleri sayesinde içten yanmalı motor bileşenleri, yanma odası ve roket nozulu gibi oksidatif ortamlara uzun süreli maruz kalmaya dayanıklıdır ve bu nedenle uçak ve tank motorları için uygundur. Bu çalışmada, HS 188 alaşımından altlıkların üzerine uygulanacak gaz nitrasyonu prosesi aracılığıyla yüzey ve yüzey altında oksidasyon direncinin artırılması hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmanın kapsamı içinde, malzeme temini sağlanmış ve malzemenin karakterizasyonu ile metalografik incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Numuneler, gaz nitrasyon işlemine tabi tutulmuş ve ardından 1175 °C'de hava ortamında 10 gün süreyle izotermal oksidasyon testine tabi tutulmuştur. Numunelerin oksidasyon işlemlerinin ardından, numunelerin ağırlık değişimleri analitik terazi ile ölçülmüş ve performans karakterizasyonu SEM-EDS, XRF ve XPS analizi ile birlikte mikrosertlik testleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bulguların amacı, HS 188 alaşımının yüksek sıcaklıkta operasyonel performansını artırmak ve böylece modern uçak motoru parçalarının tasarım ve geliştirilmesine yardımcı olmaktır. Ayrıca, çalışmanın Türkiye'nin yerel ve ulusal motorlarının bilgi birikimine katkı açısından gelişimine katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• HS 188® süper alaşımı
• gaz nitrasyonu
• izotermal oksidasyon

References

1. [1] S. Biswas, S. Ramachandra, P. Hans, and S. P. Suresh Kumar, "Materials for gas turbine engines: Present status, future trends and indigenous efforts," J. Indian Inst. Sci., vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 297-309, 2022.
2. [2] E. Stefan, B. Talic, Y. Larring, A. Gruber, and T. A. Peters, "Materials challenges in hydrogen-fuelled gas turbines," Int. Mater. Rev., vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 461-486, 2022, doi: 10.1080/09506608.2021.1981706.
3. [3] B. Hicks, "High-temperature sheet materials for gas turbine applications," Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 3, pp. 772-781, 1987.
4. [4] Committee on Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs Air Force Studies Board, Aerospace Propulsion Needs. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press, 2006.
5. [5] G. Solomon and Y. AlemayehuAdde (Kibret), “Design and analysis of rocket nozzle,” IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), vol. 10, no. 5, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.370.
6. [6] A. Q. Talal and K. F. Rahman, "Design and analysis of a gas turbine blade," Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., pp. 479-486, 2020.
7. [7] Y. Lu, "High-temperature low-cycle-fatigue and crack-growth behaviors of superalloy," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2005.
8. [8] G. Y. Lai, "High-temperature corrosion: Issues in alloy selection," JOM, vol. 43, pp. 54-60, 1991, doi: 10.1007/BF03222722.

9. [9] O. Palma Calabokis, Y. E. Nuñez de la Rosa, V. Ballesteros-Ballesteros, and E. A. Gil González, "Nitriding treatments in nickel-chromium-based superalloy INCONEL 718: A review," Coatings, vol. 14, p. 993, 2024, doi:10.3390/coatings14080993.
10. [10] E. Almeida, C. Costa, and J. Milan, "Study of the nitrided layer obtained by different nitriding methods," Matéria, vol. 20, pp. 460-465, 2015, doi: 10.1590/S1517-707620150002.0046.
11. [11] P. Ren, S. Zhu, and F. Wang, "Isothermal oxidation behavior and microstructure change of a gradient low-expansion coating for superalloys," Corrosion Science, vol. 144, pp. 275-285, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.004.
12. [12] X. Duan, H. Xu, E. Wang, C. Guo, Z. Fang, T. Yang, Y. Zhao, and X. Hou, "Design of novel Ni-based superalloys with better oxidation resistance with the aid of machine learning," J. Mater. Sci., vol. 58, pp. 1-15, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10853-023-08712-z.
13. [13] A. S. Biró, "Trends of nitriding processes," Prod. Process. Syst., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 57-66, 2013.
14. [14] L. M. Pike and S. K. Srivastava, "Oxidation behavior of wrought gamma-prime strengthened alloys," Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 595-598, pp. 661-671, 2008.
15. [15] S. V. Ovsepyan et al., "Growth kinetics of nitrides in Ni-Co-Cr-W-Ti alloys," Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 11-15, 2015.
16. [16] F. A. Pérez-González et al., "High temperature oxidation of Haynes 282," Oxid. Met., vol. 82, pp. 145-161, 2014.
17. [17] K. Yıldız, "High-temperature Cu-Al-Fe-Co alloy oxidation studies," Sci. Eng. J. Fırat Univ., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 201-206, 2016.
18. [18] L. C. Casteletti et al., "Effect of plasma nitriding on wear and corrosion properties of hastelloy CW2M super-alloy" 65th ABM International Congress, 18th IFHTSE Congress and 1st TMS/ABM International Materials Congress 2010, v. 5, p. 4391-4398.
19. [19] L. Veleva, "Soils and corrosion," in Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation, 2nd ed., R. Baboian, Ed. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2005, ch. 32, pp. 387-404.
20. [20] D. R. Gaskell and D. E. Laughlin, Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials, 6th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2018, p. 436.
21. [21] B. D. Ratner and D. G. Castner, "Surface modification of materials," in Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, 2nd ed., B. D. Ratner et al., Eds. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier, 2004, ch. 13, pp. 405–416.
22. [22] D. Briggs and J. T. Grant, Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, IM Publications, 2003.
23. [23] J. F. Moulder, W. F. Stickle, P. E. Sobol, and K. D. Bomben, Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Eden Prairie, MN, USA: Physical Electronics, 1995.
24. [24] A. Grosvenor, B. Kobe, M. Biesinger, and N. McIntyre, "Investigation of multiplet splitting of Fe 2p XPS spectra and bonding in iron compounds," Surf. Interface Anal., vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1564–1574, 2004, doi: 10.1002/sia.1984.
25. [25] M. Biesinger, L. Lau, A. Gerson, and R. St. C. Smart, "Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 257, no. 3, pp. 887–898, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.07.086.
26. [26] M. Biesinger, "Advanced analysis of copper X-ray photoelectron spectra," Surf. Interface Anal., vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 1325–1334, 2017, doi: 10.1002/sia.6239.
27. [27] K. Yamaguchi et al., "XPS study of Co-based oxides prepared by electrodeposition," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 243–250, 1997.
28. [28] H. E. Evans, "Oxidation of metals and alloys," Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 1993.
29. [29] I. G. Wright, "Effects of high-temperature oxidation on material performance," Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 201, no. 6, pp. 2104-2110, 2006.
30. [30] B. A. Pint, P. F. Tortorelli, and I. G. Wright, "The effect of oxidation on mechanical properties of structural alloys," Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1883-1891, 2001.
31. [31] T. S. Sudarshan and V. S. Vasantha, Surface engineering for corrosion and wear resistance, ASM International, 2011.
32. [32] L. Pawlowski, The Science and Engineering of Thermal Spray Coatings, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
33. [33] H. Dong, Surface engineering of light alloys: Aluminium, magnesium and titanium alloys, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2010.
34. [34] J. W. Lee, J. H. Lee, and S. H. Hong, "Improvement of oxidation resistance of austenitic stainless steels by aluminide coating," Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 146–147, pp. 318–323, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01350-3.
35. [35] Y. Wang, Z. Zeng, and L. Zhao, "Oxidation behavior of nitrided layers formed on Co-based superalloy," J. Alloys Compd., vol. 643, pp. 70–76, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.04.029.
36. [36] S. S. Chatha, T. S. Sidhu, and B. S. Sidhu, "Performance of aluminized and chromized coatings on Ni- and Fe-based alloys at high temperatures: A review," J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 713–721, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11665-009-9520-x.