Serpantin Tipi Bir Minikanalda Farklı Nanoakışkan Tiplerinin Kullanımının Akış Karakteristikleri ve Isıl Performans Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Sayısal İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada serpantin tip bir minikanalda çalışma akışkanı olarak nanoakışkan kullanımının akış ve ısı transferi üzerindeki etkileri sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla MXene–su, NiO–su ve CoFe₂O₄–su olmak üzere üç farklı nanoakışkan belirlenmiş ve bu akışkanlar için dört farklı karışım oranı ile beş farklı hacimsel debide analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, hem birbirleriyle hem de temel akışkan olarak kullanılan su için elde edilen sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. İncelenen parametre aralığında hacimsel debinin artırılmasının tüm akışkan tiplerinde ısı transferini olumlu yönde etkilediği görülmüştür. Nanoakışkan kullanımı ile minikanal yüzey sıcaklıklarının düştüğü ve ısıl performansın iyileştiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, nanoakışkanın hacimsel karışım oranının artışı ile yüzeylerden gerçekleşen ısı transferinin de arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada kapsamında ele alınan akışkanlar arasında en yüksek ısı transferi ve çalışma performansı NiO–su nanoakışkanı ile elde edilmiştir. %2 hacimsel konsantrasyona sahip NiO–su kullanılması durumunda, suya göre ortalama ısı taşınım katsayısının yaklaşık %10,5 oranında arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, serpantin tip minikanallarda nanoakışkan kullanımının ısı transferini iyileştirdiği ve bu iyileşmenin elektronik soğutma sistemlerinin tasarımında performans artışına sebep olabileceği görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Serpantin tip minikanal
• MXene
• NiO
• CoFe2O4
• nanoakışkan

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Using Different Types of Nanofluids in a Serpentine-Type Minichannel on Flow Characteristics and Thermal Performance

Abstract

In this study, the effects of using nanofluids as the working fluid in a serpentine-type minichannel on flow and heat transfer were investigated numerically. For this purpose, three different nanofluids, MXene–water, NiO– water and CoFe₂O₄– water, were selected. Analyses were performed for these fluids at four different mixing ratios and five different volumetric flow rates. The results obtained were compared with each other and with the results obtained for water used as the base fluid. Within the parameter range investigated, it was observed that increasing the volumetric flow rate positively affected heat transfer in all fluid types. It was determined that the use of nanofluids reduced minichannel surface temperatures and improved thermal performance. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing the volumetric mixing ratio of the nanofluid also increased heat transfer from the surfaces. Among the fluids examined in the study, the highest heat transfer and operating performance were obtained with the NiO–water nanofluid. When NiO–water with a 2% volumetric concentration was used, the average heat transfer coefficient was observed to increase by approximately 10.5% compared to water. According to the results obtained, the use of nanofluids in serpentine-type minichannels improves heat transfer, and this improvement can lead to increased performance in the design of electronic cooling systems.

Keywords

• Serpentine type minichannel
• MXene
• NiO
• CoFe2O4
• nanofluid

References

1. [1] T. Salameh, M. Alkasrawi, A. G. Olabi, A. A. Makky, M. A. Abdelkareem, “Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer enhancement inside concentric counter flow tube heat exchanger using different nanofluids,” International Journal of Thermofluids, vol. 20, 100432, 2023,
2. [2] S. P. Behera, A. Ghosh, S. K. Nayak, S.K.S. Parashar, “Thermal performance study of heat exchanger by applying nanofluids,” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023.
3. [3] E. Tavousi, N. Perera, D. Flynn, R. Hasan, “Numerical investigation of laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of Al2O3 nanofluid in a double tube heat exchanger,” International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, vol. 33, no.12, pp. 3994-4014, 2023.
4. [4] A. Siricharoenpanich, S. Wiriyasart, A. Srichat, P. Naphon, “Thermal cooling system with Ag/Fe3O4 nanofluids mixture as coolant for electronic devices cooling,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 20, 10064, 2020.
5. [5] M. Wang, P. S. Dobson, M. C. Paul, “Numerical investigation of nanofluid deposition in a microchannel cooling system,” Powder Technology, vol. 425, 118582, 2023.
6. [6] M. Kılıç, “Investigation of combined effect of nanofluid and swirling jet on heat transfer,” Scientific Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2018.
7. [7] E. O. Atofarati, M. Sharifpur, J. P. Meyer, “Pulsating nanofluid-jet impingement cooling and its hydrodynamic effects on heat transfer,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 198, 108874, 2024.
8. [8] N. Wilken, M. Sharifpur, E.l O. Atofarati, J. P. Meyer, “Experimental study on transient and steady-state impinging jet cooling condition with TiO2-Water nanofluids,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 57, 104301, 2024.

9. [9] M. Kılıç, M. Yavuz, and İ. H. Yılmaz, “Numerical investigation of combined effect of nanofluids and impinging jets on heated surface,” International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 14–19, 2018.
10. [10] W. M. El-Maghlany, M. M. Sorour, A. M. Abbass, M. A. Alnakeeb, “Numerical study of free surface axisymmetric jet impinging on a heated flat surface utilizing high concentration SiO2 nanofluid,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 135,104401, 2022.
11. [11] A. Kumar, S. Subudhi, “Preparation, characterization and heat transfer analysis of nanofluids used for engine cooling,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol.160, 114092, 2019.
12. [12] N. A. C. Sidik, M. N. A. W. M. Yazid, R. Mamat, “Recent advancement of nanofluids in engine cooling system,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.75, pp.137-144, 2017.
13. [13] A. Dal, M. Şahin, and M. Kılıç, “Effects of geometrical parameters on thermohydrodynamic performance of a bearing operating with nanoparticle additive oil,” Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 255–262, 2023.
14. [14] A. Athmania, M. Lahmar, B. Bou-Saïd, B. Bouchehit, J. Tichy, Steady state analysis of a porous bearing lubricated by nanofluids, Tribology International, vol. 189, 108902, 2023.
15. [15] A. Abdulah, B. Kristiawan, W. E. Juwana, S. Khoirudin, “Improving cooling efficiency of rectangular li-ion batteries using hybrid-nanofluid-based mini-channel cold plates,” Results in Engineering, vol. 29, 109420, 2026.
16. [16] Y. Yuan, B. Louhichi, B. Heidarshenas, “Numerical investigation of nanofluid flow in a snake cooling system for air-cooled lithium hybrid battery thermal management systems,” Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, vol. 69, 104240, 2026.
17. [17] R. C. Pfahl and J. McElroy, “The 2004 International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) Technology Roadmaps,” in 2005 Conference on High Density Microsystem Design and Packaging and Component Failure Analysis, Jun. 2005, pp. 1–7.
18. [18] K.J. Kelly, T. Abraham, K. Bennion, D. Bharathan, S. Narumanchi, and M. O’Keefe, “Assessment of Thermal Control Technologies for Cooling Electric Vehicle Power Electronics, Presented at the 23rd International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS-23)
19. [19] D. Jafari and W. W. Wits, “The utilization of selective laser melting technology on heat transfer devices for thermal energy conversion applications: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 91, pp. 420–442, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.109.
20. [20] S. G. Kandlikar and W. J. Grande, “Evolution of Microchannel Flow Passages: Thermohydraulic Performance and Fabrication Technology,” presented at the ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress 92 and Exposition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection, Jun. 2008, pp. 59–72.
21. [21] H. Lee, D.D. Agonafer, Y. Won, F. Houshmand, C. Gorle, , M. Asheghi, and K.E. Goodson, “ Thermal modeling of extreme heat flux microchannel coolers for GaN-on-SiC semiconductor devices.” ASME Journal of Electronic Packaging, vol. 138, no. 1, In Press, 010907-1. 2016
22. [22] G. Colangelo, E. Favale, M. Milanese, A. de Risi, D. Laforgia, “Cooling of electronic devices: Nanofluids contribution,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 127, Pages 421-435. 2017.
23. [23] S.E. Ghasemi, A.A. Ranjbar, M.J. Hoseini, S. Mohsenian, “Design optimization and experimental investigation of CPU heat sink cooled by alumina-water nanofluid”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 15, Pages 2276-2286, 2021.
24. [24] İ. F. Yaka, “Numerical analysis of nanofluid and fin use in mini channel heat sinks for the purpose of increasing heat transfer performance and modelling with machine learning, ” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng., Akdeniz Univ., Antalya, Turkey, 2025.
25. [25] A. Sivakumar, R. Sathiyamoorthi, N. Alagumurthi, V. Jayaseelan, K. Sudhakar, “Thermal performance of U‐shaped serpentine microchannel heat sink using various metal oxide nanofluids, ” Heat Transfer, vol. 50. 3094-3118, 2020.
26. [26] M.S. Kandelousi, “Effect of spatially variable magnetic field on ferrofluid flow and heat transfer considering constant heat flux boundary condition” Eur. Phys. J. Plus, vol. 129, 2014.
27. [27] C.J. Ho, J.-K. Peng, T.-F. Yang, S. Rashidi, W.-M. Yan, “Assessment of cooling performance of mini/micro-channel stacked double layer heat sink”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol.80, pp. 465-474, 2023.
28. [28] C.J. Ho, J.-K. Peng, T.-F. Yang, S. Rashidi, W.-M. Yan, “Comparison of cooling performance of nanofluid flows in mini/micro-channel stacked double-layer heat sink and single-layer micro-channel heat sink,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 191, 2023.
29. [29] H. A. Hussein, “Numerical hydrothermal evaluation of heat transfer in a multi-mini-channel heat sink: Effect of square pin fins,” Results in Engineering, vol. 20, 2023.
30. [30] M. Ghorbani, M.Rahimi, Y. Pahamli, “Enhancement of concentrator photovoltaic system through convergent-divergent microchannels,” Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, vol. 85(21), pp. 3602–3626, 2023.
31. [31] J. Lee, and K. S. Lee, “Correlations and Shape Optimization in a Channel With Aligned Dimples and Protrusions”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 64, 444–451, Jan. 2016
32. [32] Y. A. Çengel, A. M. Boles, “Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach,” New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006
33. [33] P.F. Incropera, P. D. Dewitt, L. T. Bergman, S. A. Lavine, “Fundementals of Heat and Mass Transfer, ” Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007
34. [34] V. Emlin and P. S. Tide, “Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics in Minichannel Heat Sinks Using nano-PCM-Based Coolant”, Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/15567265.2025.2551926
35. [35] M. Gorzin, A.A. Ranjbar, M.J. Hosseini, “Experimental and numerical investigation on thermal and hydraulic performance of novel serpentine minichannel heat sink for liquid CPU cooling,” Energy Reports, vol. 8, 2022, pp. 3375-3385,
36. [36] E. Gürsoy, M. Gürdal, H. Kaya and E. Gedik, “Investigation of melting and energy storage performance of PCM in a flat plate solar collector considering novel dendritic fin design and GO+MXene hybrid nanoparticles”, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 134, Part B, 2025.
37. [37] P. Puspitasari, A. A. Permanasari, M. S. Shaharun, D. I. Tsamroh, “Heat transfer characteristics of NiO nanofluid in heat exchanger” AIP Conf. Proc. 21 April 2020, 2228 (1): 030023
38. [38] I. Tlili, M.T. Mustafa, K.A. Kumar and N. Sandeep, “Effect of asymmetrical heat rise/fall on the film flow of magnetohydrodynamic hybrid ferrofluid, ” Sci. Rep., vol 10, pp. 6677. 2020.
39. [39] ANSYS Inc., ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide, Release 2023 R1, Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2023.
40. [40] M. Faizal, R. Saidur, S. Mekhilef, M.A. Alim, “Energy, economic and environmental analysis of metal oxides nanofluid for flat-plate solar collector, ” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 76, pp. 162-168, 2013.
41. [41] M. Nasiri, S.Gh. Etemad, R. Bagheri, “Experimental heat transfer of nanofluid through an annular duct, ” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 38, 7, pp. 958-963, 2011.
42. [42] M. Sheikholeslami, H. B. Rokni, “Simulation of nanofluid heat transfer in presence of magnetic field: A review ”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 115, Part B, pp. 1203-1233, 2017.
43. [43] A., Hayder and F., Basim, “Influence of fluid inlet–outlet on hydrothermal evaluation for different serpentine mini‐channel heat sink configurations. ” Heat Transfer. 51. pp. 7635-7654. 2022.