The Activated Carbon from Walnut Shell Using CO2 and Methylene Blue Removal

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 297 - 308, 30.03.2021

İlhan Küçük Yunus Önal , Canan Başar

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.816317

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In this study, activated carbon with strong adsorption property was synthesized from lignocellulosic structured walnut shell. Active carbon synthesis was realized in two stages: carbonization and physical activation. Carbonization was carried out at 8 different temperatures (300-1000°C), 500 ml/min N2 gas flow and 10°C/min heating rate for 1 hour. Activation was done at 2 different temperatures (800- 900 °C) at 100 ml/min CO2 gas flow for 1 hour. Characterization of activated carbons was carried out and their adsorption capacities were examined with methylene blue. The surface areas of the activated carbons were investigated by BET analysis and the surface areas ranged from 652,22 to 56,79 m2/g. Amounts of micro and mesopores in these surface areas were calculated. Besides, SEM analysis indicates the porous structure and XRD analysis confirms that the structure is amorphous. Methylene blue adsorption was performed in the aqueous phase and the capacities of the activated carbons were calculated. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of activated carbons varies between 174,81-15,96 mg/g.

Keywords

Biomass, carbonization, physical activation, activated carbon

Project Number

FDI-2017-680

Thanks

This study was supported by the unit of Scientific Researches of Inonu University in Malatya, Turkey; Project No: FDI-2017-680

Ceviz kabuğundan karbon dioksit kullanılarak aktif karbon üretimi ve metilen mavisi adsorpsiyonu.

Abstract

In this study, activated carbon with strong adsorption property was synthesized from lignocellulosic structured walnut shell. Active carbon synthesis was realized in two stages: carbonization and physical activation. Carbonization was carried out at 8 different temperatures (300-1000°C), 500 ml/min N2 gas flow and 10°C/min heating rate for 1 hour. Activation was done at 2 different temperatures (800- 900 °C) at 100 ml/min CO2 gas flow for 1 hour. Characterization of activated carbons was carried out and their adsorption capacities were examined with methylene blue. The surface areas of the activated carbons were investigated by BET analysis and the surface areas ranged from 652,22 to 56,79 m2/g. Amounts of micro and mesopores in these surface areas were calculated. Besides, SEM analysis indicates the porous structure and XRD analysis confirms that the structure is amorphous. Methylene blue adsorption was performed in the aqueous phase and the capacities of the activated carbons were calculated. The methylene blue adsorption capacity of activated carbons varies between 174,81-15,96 mg/g.

Keywords

biyokütle, karbonizasyon, fiziksel aktivasyon, aktif karbon

Project Number

FDI-2017-680

References

• Refersns1. Fulazzaky MA, Omar R (2012) Removal of oil and grease contamination from stream water using the granular activated carbon block filter Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: pp.965-971
• Referans2. Shi K, Ren M, Zhitomirsky I (2014) Activated carbon-coated carbon nanotubes for energy storage in supercapacitors and capacitive water purification ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering 2: pp.1289-1298
• Referans3. Ao C, Lee S (2005) Indoor air purification by photocatalyst TiO2 immobilized on an activated carbon filter installed in an air cleaner Chemical engineering science 60: pp.103-109
• 4. Bhatnagar A, Hogland W, Marques M, Sillanpää M (2013) An overview of the modification methods of activated carbon for its water treatment applications Chemical Engineering Journal 219: pp.499-511
• 5. Baccar R, Sarrà M, Bouzid J, Feki M, Blánquez P (2012) Removal of pharmaceutical compounds by activated carbon prepared from agricultural by-product Chemical engineering journal 211: pp.310-317
• 6. Anirudhan T, Sreekumari S, Bringle C (2009) Removal of phenols from water and petroleum industry refinery effluents by activated carbon obtained from coconut coir pith Adsorption 15:439
• 7. Heidenreich RG, Krauter JG, Pietsch J, Köhler K (2002) Control of Pd leaching in Heck reactions of bromoarenes catalyzed by Pd supported on activated carbon Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 182: pp.499-509
• 8. Matsuo T, Nishi T (2000) Activated carbon filter treatment of laundry waste water in nuclear power plants and filter recovery by heating in vacuum Carbon 38: pp.709-714
• 9. Hasegawa G (2013) Monolithic electrode for electric double-layer capacitors based on macro/meso/microporous S-containing activated carbon with high surface area. In: Studies on Porous Monolithic Materials Prepared via Sol–Gel Processes. Springer, pp 79-89.
• 10. Bai Y, Liu Y, Tang Y, Xie Y, Liu J (2011) Direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell—a potential high performance battery international journal of hydrogen energy 36: pp.9189-9194
• 11. Abbruzzese C, Fornari P, Massidda R, Vegliò F, Ubaldini S (1995) Thiosulphate leaching for gold hydrometallurgy Hydrometallurgy 39: pp.265-276
• 12. Yahya MA, Al-Qodah Z, Ngah CZ (2015) Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 46: pp.218-235
• 13. Radovic LR, Moreno-Castilla C, Rivera-Utrilla J (2001) Carbon materials as adsorbents in aqueous solutions. Chemistry physics of carbon.
• 14. Meidl J (1997) Responding to changing conditions: how powdered activated carbon systems can provide the operational flexibility necessary to treat contaminated groundwater and industrial wastes Carbon 35: pp.1207-1216
• 15. Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Almeida MF, Rivera-Utrilla J, Sánchez-Polo M (2007) Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review Journal of environmental management 85: pp.833-846 16. Lua AC, Yang T (2005) Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions Journal of colloid interface science 290: pp.505-513
• 17. Örkün Y, Karatepe N, Yavuz R (2012) Influence of temperature and impregnation ratio of H3PO4 on the production of activated carbon from hazelnut shell Acta Physica Polonica-Series A General Physics pp.121:277
• 18. Tsai W-T, Chang C, Lee S (1998) A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activation Bioresource Technology 64: pp.211-217
• 19. Ademiluyi F, Amadi S, Amakama NJ (2009) Adsorption and Treatment of Organic Contaminants using Activated Carbon from Waste Nigerian Bamboo Journal of Applied Sciences Environmental Management 13(3), pp.39-47
• 20. Wang J, Wu F, Wang M, Qiu N, Liang Y, Fang S, Jiang X (2010) Preparation of activated carbon from a renewable agricultural residue of pruning mulberry shoot African Journal of Biotechnology 9: pp.2762-2767
• 21. Spahis N, Addoun A, Mahmoudi H, Ghaffour N (2008) Purification of water by activated carbon prepared from olive stones Desalination 222: pp.519-527
• 22. Tawalbeh M, Allawzi M, Kandah MI (2005) Production of activated carbon from jojoba seed residue by chemical activation residue using a static bed reactor Journal of Applied Sciences 5: pp.482-487
• 23. Yusufu M, Ariahu C, Igbabul B (2012) Production and characterization of activated carbon from selected local raw materials African Journal of Pure Applied Chemistry 6: pp.123-131
• 24. Ramakrishnan K, Namasivayam CJJEEM (2009) Development and characteristics of activated carbons from Jatropha husk, an agro industrial solid waste, by chemical activation methods J Environ Eng Manage 19: pp.173-178
• 25. Demiral H, Demiral I, Tümsek F, Karabacakoğlu B (2008) Pore structure of activated carbon prepared from hazelnut bagasse by chemical activation Surface Interface Analysis 40: pp.616-619
• 26. Qiu K, Yang S, Yang J (2009) Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from Chinese fir sawdust by zinc chloride activation under vacuum condition Journal of Central South University of Technology
• 27. Jutakridsada P, Prajaksud C, Kuboonya-Aruk L, Theerakulpisut S, Kamwilaisak K (2016) Adsorption characteristics of activated carbon prepared from spent ground coffee Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 18: pp.639-645
• 28. Oubagaranadin J, Murthy Z (2011) Activated carbons: Classifications, properties and applications.
• 29. Donald J, Ohtsuka Y, Xu CC (2011) Effects of activation agents and intrinsic minerals on pore development in activated carbons derived from a Canadian peat Materials Letters 65: pp.744-747
• 30. Al-Qodah Z, Shawabkah R (2009) Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from activated sludge Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 26: pp.127-136
• 31. Gu Z, Wang X (2013) Carbon materials from high ash bio-char: a nanostructure similar to activated graphene Am Trans Eng Appl Sci 2: pp.15-34
• 32. Adinata D, Daud WMAW, Aroua MK (2007) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from palm shell by chemical activation with K2CO3 Bioresource technology 98: pp.145-149