Detection of Flatfoot Deformity from X-Ray Images Using Image Filtering and Transfer Learning Approaches

Year 2025, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 115 - 123

Merve Kokulu , Hanife Göker , Ömer Kasım

https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1611410

Abstract

Flatfoot (pes planus) is a condition defined as the flattening of the curved structure as a result of the collapse of the foot or the weakening of the structures, such as ligaments and muscles that hold the bones and tissues in the foot in a certain order and a curve due to various reasons. If left untreated, this condition can lead to calf, knee, hip, and lower back pain and even postural disorders due to foot deterioration. In this study, a transfer learning-based method is presented using the Dilation filter for flatfoot detection from X-ray images. The X-ray image dataset contains 402 flatfoot images and 440 control images. For image preprocessing, dilation filtering is used, and the images are enhanced with the dilation method. After image preprocessing, the performance of transfer learning approaches, DarkNet19, GoogLeNet, DenseNet-201, ResNet-101, and MobileNetV2 architectures, were compared. The holdout method was used for performance measurements. The experimental results show that the DenseNet-201 model performs the best with an overall accuracy of 0.9802 and a Cohen's Kappa value of 0.96. The results show that the combination of dilation filtering and transfer learning methods provides an effective approach for automatic flatfoot detection. Compared to similar studies in the literature, the accuracy of the proposed model is significantly higher.

Keywords

Deep learning, Transfer learning, Image processing, Flatfoot, Image filter

Görüntü Filtreleme ve Transfer Öğrenme Yaklaşımları Kullanılarak X-Ray Görüntülerinden Düztaban Deformitesinin Tespiti

Abstract

Düztabanlık (pes planus), ayağın çökmesi veya ayaktaki kemik ve dokuları belirli bir düzen içinde tutan bağlar ve kaslar gibi yapıların zayıflaması sonucu eğri yapının düzleşmesi ve çeşitli nedenlerle eğri olması olarak tanımlanan bir durumdur. Bu durum tedavi edilmediği takdirde ayakta bozulmaya bağlı baldır, diz, kalça ve bel ağrılarına ve hatta duruş bozukluklarına yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada, X-ışını görüntülerinden düztabanlık tespiti için Dilatasyon filtresini kullanan transfer öğrenmeye dayalı bir yöntem sunulmuştur. X-ışını görüntü veri seti 402 adet düztabanlık görüntüsü ve 440 adet kontrol görüntüsü içermektedir. Görüntü ön işleme için dilatasyon filtrelemesi kullanılmış ve görüntüler dilatasyon yöntemi ile zenginleştirilmiştir. Görüntü ön işleme sonrasında transfer öğrenme yaklaşımları olan DarkNet19, GoogLeNet, DenseNet-201, ResNet-101 ve MobileNetV2 mimarilerinin performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Performans ölçümleri için holdout yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar, DenseNet-201 modelinin 0,9802 genel doğruluk ve 0,96 Cohen's Kappa değeri ile en iyi performansı gösterdiğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, genişleme filtreleme ve transfer öğrenme yöntemlerinin birleşiminin otomatik düztabanlık tespiti için etkili bir yaklaşım sağladığını göstermektedir. Literatürdeki benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırıldığında, önerilen modelin doğruluğu önemli ölçüde daha yüksektir.

Keywords

Derin öğrenme, Transfer öğrenme, Görüntü işleme, Düztaban, Görüntü filtreleme

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