Effect of Resin Infiltration and Various Etching Techniques on the Bond Strength of Sound and Demineralized Enamel

Abstract

Purpose: The objective was to assess the effect of various etching techniques on the shear bond strength(SBS) of resin infiltrated sound/ demineralized enamel. Materials and methods: A total of 180 extracted human upper incisors' enamel surfaces were utilized. Half of these specimens underwent artificial demineralization, which involved exposing to an acidic buffer with a pH of 4.8(14 days). The remaining half of the specimens were kept in their original sound condition. Subsequently, both the sound/ demineralized specimens were divided into 6 groups according to the presence (I)/absence (NI) of resin infiltrant and etching methods (35% phosphoric acid (PA), 9% hydrofluoric acid (HFA), and Er,Cr:YSGG laser(L) (n=15): Following different etching procedures, an etch-and-rinse adhesive system was used, before the application of a nanohybrid composite to the enamel surfaces. Then all specimens were submitted to SBS test (MPa). three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used for statistical analysis(p=0.05). Results: PA showed the highest SBS in the I groups compared with L and HFA groups, both in demineralized and sound enamel (p<0.05). On sound enamel, L showed higher SBS than HFA (p<0.05). On demineralized enamel, L showed similar values with HFA(p>0.05). In the NI groups, L showed similar SBS to HFA on both demineralized and sound enamel(p>0.05). Conclusion:Resin-infiltrated enamel can be etched by 35% phosphoric acid without jeopardize bond strength.

Keywords

• resin infiltration
• shear bond strength
• etching
• laser
• composite resin

References

1. Ismail AI. Visual and visuo-tactile detection of dental caries. J Dent Res. 2004;83 Spec No C:C56-66.
2. Kidd EA, Fejerskov O. What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res. 2004;83 Spec No C:C35-8.
3. Mejàre I, Källestål C, Stenlund H, Johansson H. Caries development from 11 to 22 years of age: a prospective radiographic study. Prevalence and distribution. Caries Res. 1998;32(1):10-6.
4. Ratledge DK, Kidd EA, Beighton D. A clinical and microbiological study of approximal carious lesions. Part 1: the relationship between cavitation, radiographic lesion depth, the site-specific gingival index and the level of infection of the dentine. Caries Res. 2001;35(1):3-7.
5. Paris S, Meyer-Lueckel H, Cölfen H, Kielbassa AM. Resin infiltration of artificial enamel caries lesions with experimental light curing resins. Dent Mater J. 2007;26(4):582-8.
6. Paris S, Hopfenmuller W, Meyer-Lueckel H. Resin infiltration of caries lesions: an efficacy randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2010;89(8):823-6.
7. Paris S, Meyer-Lueckel H. Masking of labial enamel white spot lesions by resin infiltration--a clinical report. Quintessence Int. 2009;40(9):713-8.
8. Lagarde M, Vennat E, Attal JP, Dursun E. Strategies to optimize bonding of adhesive materials to molar-incisor hypomineralization-affected enamel: A systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020;30(4):405-20.

9. Borges AB, Abu Hasna A, Matuda AGN, Lopes SR, Mafetano A, Arantes A, et al. Adhesive systems effect over bond strength of resin-infiltrated and de/remineralized enamel. F1000Res. 2019;8:1743.
10. Velİ I, Akin M, Baka ZM, Uysal T. Effects of different pre-treatment methods on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to demineralized enamel. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(1):7-13.
11. Sato T, Takagaki T, Hatayama T, Nikaido T, Tagami J. Update on enamel bonding strategies. Frontiers in Dental Medicine. 2021;2:666379.
12. Lucena-Martín C, González-López S, Navajas-Rodríguez de Mondelo JM. The effect of various surface treatments and bonding agents on the repaired strength of heat-treated composites. J Prosthet Dent. 2001;86(5):481-8.
13. Gupta S, Parolia A, Jain A, Kundabala M, Mohan M, de Moraes Porto IC. A comparative effect of various surface chemical treatments on the resin composite-composite repair bond strength. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2015;33(3):245-9.
14. da Silva NR, de Miranda LM, de Carvalho IHG, de Sena LMF, Moura DMD, Özcan M, et al. Can enamel etching with the Er: YAG laser be an alternative to the conventional phosphoric acid for bracket bonding? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 2022;36(7):685-700.
15. Hoshing UA, Patil S, Medha A, Bandekar SD. Comparison of shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel surface with laser etching versus acid etching: An in vitro evaluation. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(4):320-4.
16. Liu Y, Hsu CY, Teo CM, Teoh SH. Subablative Er:YAG laser effect on enamel demineralization. Caries Res. 2013;47(1):63-8.
17. Kim JS, Choi YH, Cho BH, Son HH, Lee IB, Um CM, et al. Effect of light-cure time of adhesive resin on the thickness of the oxygen-inhibited layer and the microtensile bond strength to dentin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2006;78(1):115-23.
18. Shawkat ES, Shortall AC, Addison O, Palin WM. Oxygen inhibition and incremental layer bond strengths of resin composites. Dent Mater. 2009;25(11):1338-46.
19. Rahiotis C, Zinelis S, Eliades G, Eliades T. Setting characteristics of a resin infiltration system for incipient caries treatment. J Dent. 2015;43(6):715-9.
20. Truffier-Boutry D, Place E, Devaux J, Leloup G. Interfacial layer characterization in dental composite. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(1):74-7.
21. Kim JH, Kwon OW, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Acid resistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-treated and phosphoric acid-etched enamels. Angle Orthod. 2006;76(6):1052-6.
22. Furtado MD, Immich F, da Rosa WLdO, Piva E, da Silva AF. Repair of aged restorations made in direct resin composite–A systematic review. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2023:103367.
23. Chuenweravanich J, Kuphasuk W, Saikaew P, Sattabanasuk V. Bond Durability of a Repaired Resin Composite Using a Universal Adhesive and Different Surface Treatments. J Adhes Dent. 2022;24(1):67-76.
24. Almutairi MA, Salama FS, Alzeghaibi LY, Albalawi SW, Alhawsawi BZ. Surface Treatments on Repair Bond Strength of Aged Resin Composites. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022;12(4):449-55.
25. Mirzaei M, Yasini E, Tavakoli A, Chiniforush N. Effect of Different Powers of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Treatment on Surface Morphology of Microhybride Composite Resin: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Evaluation. J Lasers Med Sci. 2015;6(2):62-6.
26. Berk N, Başaran G, Ozer T. Comparison of sandblasting, laser irradiation, and conventional acid etching for orthodontic bonding of molar tubes. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30(2):183-9.
27. Alagl AS, Bedi S, Hassan KS. Comparative study of the shear bond strength of composite resin bonded to enamel treated with acid etchant and erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2016;8(4):238-41.
28. Ahmadizenouz G, Esmaeili B, Taghvaei A, Jamali Z, Jafari T, Amiri Daneshvar F, et al. Effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength of nanofilled composite repairs. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2016;10(1):9-16.
29. Johansson B. REMINERALIZATION OF SLIGHTLY ETCHED ENAMEL. J Dent Res. 1965;44:64-70.
30. Gray GB, Shellis P. Infiltration of resin into white spot caries-like lesions of enamel: an in vitro study. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2002;10(1):27-32.
31. Paris S, Dörfer CE, Meyer-Lueckel H. Surface conditioning of natural enamel caries lesions in deciduous teeth in preparation for resin infiltration. Journal of dentistry. 2010;38(1):65-71.
32. Meyer-Lueckel H, Paris S, Kielbassa AM. Surface layer erosion of natural caries lesions with phosphoric and hydrochloric acid gels in preparation for resin infiltration. Caries Res. 2007;41(3):223-30.
33. Askar H, Lausch J, Dörfer CE, Meyer-Lueckel H, Paris S. Penetration of micro-filled infiltrant resins into artificial caries lesions. J Dent. 2015;43(7):832-8.
34. Meyer-Lueckel H, Paris S. Progression of artificial enamel caries lesions after infiltration with experimental light curing resins. Caries Res. 2008;42(2):117-24.
35. Attin R, Stawarczyk B, Keçik D, Knösel M, Wiechmann D, Attin T. Shear bond strength of brackets to demineralize enamel after different pretreatment methods. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(1):56-61.
36. Vitale MC, Zaffe D, Botticell AR, Caprioglio C. Diode laser irradiation and fluoride uptake in human teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2011;12(2):90-2.
37. Bharti M, Nagar P, Aminah M, Singh P. Effect of laser and fluoride application for remineralization of the carious lesion: A polarized microscopic study. Int J Contemp Med Res. 2017;4(2):489-92.
38. Sideridou I, Tserki V, Papanastasiou G. Study of water sorption, solubility and modulus of elasticity of light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Biomaterials. 2003;24(4):655-65.