Comparison of Stain Effects of Nicotine and Beverages on Different Cad-Cam Materials

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of smoking cigarettes and drinking beverages and also polishing procedures on the discoloration of CAD/CAM materials. Materials and Methods: Resin nanoceramic (Lava Ultimate-RN), feldspar ceramic (CEREC Blocs Ceramics-FC) and lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max® CAD-LDC) specimens (5X5 X2 mm) were used for this study. Initially, baseline surface roughness (Ra) and color values (L*, a*, b*) of the specimens were measured with profilometer and chroma meter. Then the specimens were exposure nicotine, coffee and red wine. The first discoloration values of each specimen were measured. Then, all of the specimens were subjected to re-polishing procedures. Than, the surface roughness and color values of each specimen were measured. The specimens were subjected to the same staining process again. After exposure of the specimens to the staining agents, the second staining value was measured. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for normally distributed groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally distributed groups. Results: Statistically significant ΔE* values were observed for RN (8.26±1.55) and FC (7.69±1.52) for nicotine in the first staining group. The maximum total color changes were observed in the nicotine group for all of the material specimens. Nicotine caused the highest color changes on the test materials than coffee and wine. Surface roughness did not show a statistically significant difference based on the staining agents for any of the materials within a group (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was observed that nicotine staining is far stronger than beverage staining.

Keywords

• Color change
• Dental CAD-CAM Materials
• Polishing
• Staining Effect

References

1. 1 . Denissen H, Dozic A, van Waas M, Feilzer A. Effects of 5 manipulative variables on the color of ceramics used for computer-generated restorations. Quintessence Int 2007;38(5) 401-408.
2. 2 . Della Bona A, Kelly JR. The clinical success of all-ceramic restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139 Suppl 8s-13s.
3. 3 . Opdam NJ, van de Sande FH, Bronkhorst E, Cenci MS, Bottenberg P, Pallesen U, Gaengler P, Lindberg A, Huysmans MC, van Dijken JW. Longevity of posterior composite restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res 2014;93(10) 943-949.
4. 4 . Demarco FF, Collares K, Coelho-de-Souza FH, Correa MB, Cenci MS, Moraes RR, Opdam NJ. Anterior composite restorations: A systematic review on long-term survival and reasons for failure. Dent Mater 2015;31(10) 1214-1224.
5. 5 . Omata Y, Uno S, Nakaoki Y, Tanaka T, Sano H, Yoshida S, Sidhu SK. Staining of hybrid composites with coffee, oolong tea, or red wine. Dent Mater J 2006;25(1) 125-131.
6. 6 . Saba DA, Salama RA, Haridy R. Effect of different beverages on the color stability and microhardness of CAD/CAM hybrid versus feldspathic ceramic blocks: An in-vitro study. Future Dental Journal 2017;3(2) 61-66.
7. 7 . Tan BL, Yap AUJ, Ma HNT, Chew J, Tan WJ. Effect of Beverages on Color and Translucency of New Tooth-Colored Restoratives. Operative Dentistry 2014;40(2) E56-E65.
8. 8 . Zanetti F, Zhao X, Pan J, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Ren Y. Effects of cigarette smoke and tobacco heating aerosol on color stability of dental enamel, dentin, and composite resin restorations. Quintessence Int 2019;50(2) 156-166.

9. 9 . Acar O, Yilmaz B, Altintas SH, Chandrasekaran I, Johnston WM. Color stainability of CAD/CAM and nanocomposite resin materials. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2016;115(1) 71-75.
10. 10 . Alandia-Roman CC, Cruvinel DR, Sousa AB, Pires-de-Souza FC, Panzeri H. Effect of cigarette smoke on color stability and surface roughness of dental composites. J Dent 2013;41 Suppl 3 e73-79.
11. 11 . Kursoglu P, Karagoz Motro PF, Kazazoglu E. Correlation of surface texture with the stainability of ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 2014;112(2) 306-313.
12. 12 . Wasilewski Mde S, Takahashi MK, Kirsten GA, de Souza EM. Effect of cigarette smoke and whiskey on the color stability of dental composites. Am J Dent 2010;23(1) 4-8.
13. 13 . Zhao X, Zanetti F, Majeed S, Pan J, Malmstrom H, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Ren Y. Effects of cigarette smoking on color stability of dental resin composites. Am J Dent 2017;30(6) 316-322.
14. 14 . Tan BL, Yap AU, Ma HN, Chew J, Tan WJ. Effect of beverages on color and translucency of new tooth-colored restoratives. Oper Dent 2015;40(2) E56-65.
15. 15 . Ertas E, Guler AU, Yucel AC, Koprulu H, Guler E. Color stability of resin composites after immersion in different drinks. Dent Mater J 2006;25(2) 371-376.
16. 16 . Hammad M, Qualtrough A, Silikas N. Three-dimensional Evaluation of Effectiveness of Hand and Rotary Instrumentation for Retreatment of Canals Filled with Different Materials. Journal of Endodontics 2008;34(11) 1370-1373.
17. 17 . Gonulol N, Yilmaz F. The effects of finishing and polishing techniques on surface roughness and color stability of nanocomposites. J Dent 2012;40 Suppl 2 e64-70.
18. 18 . Dietschi D, Campanile G, Holz J, Meyer JM. Comparison of the color stability of ten new-generation composites: an in vitro study. Dent Mater 1994;10(6) 353-362.
19. 19 . Ren YF, Feng L, Serban D, Malmstrom HS. Effects of common beverage colorants on color stability of dental composite resins: the utility of a thermocycling stain challenge model in vitro. J Dent 2012;40 Suppl 1 e48-56.
20. 20 . Raptis CN, Powers JM, Fan PL, Yu R. Staining of composite resins by cigarette smoke. J Oral Rehabil 1982;9(4) 367-371.
21. 21 . Ayad NM. Susceptibility of restorative materials to staining by common beverages: an in vitro study. Eur J Esthet Dent 2007;2(2) 236-247.
22. 22 . Duarte S, Sartori N, Phark J-H. Ceramic-Reinforced Polymers: CAD/CAM Hybrid Restorative Materials. Current Oral Health Reports 2016;3(3) 198-202.
23. 23 . Gracis S, Thompson VP, Ferencz JL, Silva NR, Bonfante EA. A new classification system for all-ceramic and ceramic-like restorative materials. Int J Prosthodont 2015;28(3) 227-235.