Türkiye Hastanelerinin Acil Servislerinin Afetlere Hazırlık Durumu ve Gelecek Planlamasına Öneriler: Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği

Abstract

Giriş: 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi, hastanelerde ciddi yapısal hasarlara yol açarak acil sağlık hizmetlerini büyük ölçüde aksattı. Acil sağlık profesyonelleri üzerindeki aşırı yük, etkin bir afet müdahalesi için Hastane Afet ve Acil Durum Planları (HAP)’ın önemini bir kez daha ortaya koydu. Bu çalışma, deprem sırasında ve sonrasında acil tıp doktorları, hemşireler, paramedikler ve destek personelinin deneyimlerini değerlendirerek hastane hazırlık düzeyi, afet müdahalesinin etkinliği ve altyapı sorunlarına yönelik görüşlerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntemler: Bu tanımlayıcı kesitsel çalışma, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa, Kilis ve Malatya illerinde depremden etkilenen hastanelerin acil servislerinde görev yapan sağlık çalışanlarını kapsamaktadır. Veriler, sosyodemografik özellikler, depreme hastanede yakalanma durumu, HAP farkındalığı, afet müdahalesi uygulamaları ve hastane altyapısına (elektrik, su, hijyen, hasta yönetimi) ilişkin değerlendirmeleri içeren çevrimiçi bir anket ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Toplam 189 sağlık çalışanı ankete katılmıştır. %76.2’si hastanelerinin yapısal hasar gördüğünü, ancak %84.7’sinin görev yerinde kaldığını veya geri döndüğünü bildirmiştir. Katılımcıların yalnızca %46’sı HAP’ın uygulandığını belirtirken, %69.3’ü hastanelerinde afet sorumlusunun kim olduğunu bilmediklerini ifade etmiştir. Ayrıca, %56.6’sı hastanelerinin afetlere yetersiz hazırlandığını, %59.8’i düzenli afet eğitimi ve tatbikatlarının yapılmadığını bildirmiştir. %39.7 enerji kesintisi, %50.3 ısıtma sorunları ve %45.5 su kesintisi yaşamıştır. %60.3’ü ise ailelerinin güvenliğiyle ilgili endişelerinin hasta bakımına odaklanmalarını zorlaştırdığını ifade etmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmada hastane afet hazırlığında önemli eksiklikler belirlenmiştir. HAP protokollerine yönelik farkındalığın düşük olması, eğitim eksiklikleri ve altyapı sorunları, etkili bir afet müdahalesi önündeki temel engellerdir. Hastane dirençliliğini artırmak için afet müdahale planlarının güçlendirilmesi, personel eğitimlerinin artırılması ve kaynak tahsisinin iyileştirilmesi gereklidir. Gelecekte, standartlaştırılmış hastane afet yönetim stratejileri geliştirmek ve uzun vadeli etkilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla daha kapsamlı araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Keywords

• afet yönetimi
• acil tıp
• hastane afet ve acil durum planı (HAP)
• kahramanmarş depremi

Preparedness of Emergency Departments in Turkish Hospitals for Disasters and Recommendations for Future Planning: The Case of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

Abstract

Background The Kahramanmaraş Earthquake of February 6, 2023, caused severe structural damage to hospitals and significantly disrupted emergency healthcare services. The overwhelming burden placed on emergency medical professionals highlighted the critical importance of well-prepared Hospital Disaster and Emergency Plans (HAPs) in ensuring an effective disaster response. This study evaluates the experiences of emergency physicians, nurses, paramedics, and support staff in emergency departments (EDs) during and after the earthquake, focusing on their assessments of hospital preparedness, disaster response effectiveness, and infrastructure challenges. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study surveyed healthcare professionals working in emergency departments across six earthquake-affected regions: Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa, Kilis, and Malatya. Data were collected through an online survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, presence at the hospital during and after the earthquake, perceived adequacy of hospital disaster preparedness, implementation of HAP protocols, and infrastructure conditions (power, water, hygiene, and patient management). Results A total of 189 healthcare professionals participated. 76.2% of hospitals sustained structural damage, yet 84.7% of respondents remained or returned to their workplace. Only 46% reported that HAP was implemented, and 69.3% were unaware of their hospital’s designated disaster chairperson. Additionally, 56.6% believed their hospitals were inadequately prepared for disasters, and 59.8% reported a lack of regular disaster training and drills. Infrastructure challenges were common, with 39.7% experiencing energy outages, 50.3% reporting heating issues, and 45.5% facing water shortages. Concerns for family safety negatively impacted 60.3% of respondents, affecting their ability to focus on patient care. Conclusion Significant gaps in hospital disaster preparedness were identified, including limited awareness of HAP protocols, insufficient training, and infrastructure vulnerabilities. Strengthening disaster response plans, increasing staff training, and improving resource allocation are essential to enhance hospital resilience in future disasters. Further research is needed to develop standardized hospital disaster management strategies and assess their long-term impact.

Keywords

• disaster management
• emergency medicine
• hospital disaster and emergency plan (HAP)
• kahramanmaraş earthquake

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