Hypnosedative Drugs and Alcohol Consumption: Case Report and Literature Review

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 210 - 220, 02.10.2021

Hamit Yıldız

Abstract

Abuse of alcohol and hypnosedative drug use is as common as its potential clinical benefits. As a result of the consumption of these substances together, undesirable side effects such as decreased reasoning ability, blurred consciousness, decreased reflexes and death appear in the clinic. In this review, when alcohol and benzodiazepine are used together, the physiological absorption processes of these chemicals and the factors affecting their distribution in body tissues are discussed.

Keywords

Alcohol, Benzodiazepine, Forensic toxicology

References

• Referans1: www.http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_5939/2006-3-1.pdf (Access date: 22/10/2020)
• Referans2: Frezza M, Di Padova C, Pozzato G, et al. High blood alcohol levels in women. New Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322:95–99. [PubMed: 2248624])
• Referans3: Cole-Harding S, Wilson JR. Ethanol metabolism in men and women. J. Studies Alc. 1987; 48:380– 387.
• Referans4: Jones A. Forensic science aspects of ethanol metabolism. In A. Mahley& R.L. Williams (Eds.) Forensic science progress. (Vol 5 pp. 30-89). Berlin, Germany: SpringerVerlag.).
• Referans5: Zakhari, S. (2006). Overview: How is alcohol metabolized by the body? Alcohol Research&Health, 29, 245–254.
• Referans6: Di Padova C, Worner TM, Julkunen RJK, et al. Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the firstpass metabolism of ethanol. Gastroent. 1987; 92:1169–1173.
• Referans7: Levitt MD, Furne J, DeMaster E. First pass metabolism of ethanol is negligible in rat gastric mucosa. Alcoholism: ClinExpRes. 1997; 21:293–297.
• Referans8: Lee SL, Chau GY, Yao CT, et al. Functional assessment of human alcohol dehydrogenase family in ethanol metabolism: Significance of first-pass metabolism. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 2006; 30:1132–1142.
• Referans9: Lieber, C. S. (1991a). Hepatic, metabolic and toxic effects of ethanol: 1991 update. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 15, 573–592.
• Referans10: Kalant, H. (1996). Pharmacokientics of ethanol: Absorption, distribution, andelimination. In H. Beglieter& B. Kissin (Eds.), Thepharmacology of alcohol and allcohol dependence (pp. 15–58). New York, NY: Oxford UniversityPress.
• Referans11: Lindberg, L., Brauer, S., Wollmer, P., Goldberg, L., Jones, A. W., &Olsson, S. G. (2007). Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration. ForensicScience International, 168, 200–207.
• Referans12: A.W.Jones, L.Lindberg, S.G.Olsson, Magnitudeand time-course of arterio-venous differences in blood-alcohol concentration in healthy men. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43(2004) 1157-1166.
• Referans13: O'Neal CL, Poklis A. Postmortem production of ethanol and factors that influence interpretation: a critical review. Am J ForensicMedPathol. 1996 Mar;17(1):8-20.
• Referans14: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1966150-overview#a3 (Access date: 26/10/2020).
• Referans15: Honey D, caylor C, Luthi R, Kerrigan S. Comparative alcohol concentrations in blood and vitreous fluid with illustrative case studies. J Anal Toxicolo. Jul-Aug 2005;29(5):365-9.
• Referans16: Refaai Ma, et al. Liver and adipose tissue fatty acid ethylesters obrained at autopsy are postmortem markers for premortem ethanol intake. ClinChem 2002;481(1):77-83.
• Referans17: Hansson P, Varda A, Krantz P, Alling C. Phosphatidyl-ethanol in postmortem blood as a marker of previous heavy drinking. Int J Legal Med 2001;115(3):158-61.
• Referans18: FotiRd, FisherMb. Assessment of UDP-glucronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of ethylglucuronide in human liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs. ForensicSciInt 2005;153(2-3):109-16.
• Referans19: WurstFm, Dresen S, Allen JP, Wiesbeck G, Graf Mi Weinmann W. Ethylsulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption. Addiction 2006;101(2):204-11.
• Referans20: Helander A, Beck O. Ethylsulfate: A metabolite of ethanol in humans and a potentia lbiomarker of acute alcohol intake. J Anal Toxicol 2005;29(5):270-4.
• Referans21: https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/36390/Measured_alcohol_lev.pdf (Access date 26/10/2020)
• Referans22: https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/36390/Measured_alcohol_lev.pdf (Access date 26/10/2020)
• Referans23: Canfield DV, Kupiec T, Huffine E. Postmortem alcohol production in fatal aircraft accidents. J ForensSci 1993; 38(4): 914-917.
• Referans24: Mayes RW. The post-mortem production of ethanol and other volatiles. Proc 24 th International Meeting, TIAFT Banff, Canada 1987: 94-100.
• Referans25: H.C.Freimuth, Forensic aspects of alcohol, in: W.U.Spitz, R.S.Fisher (Eds.), Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guidelines fort The Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation, C.C.Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL,USA,1973,pp.479-484).
• Referans26: D.J.Blackmore,The bacterial production of ethyl alcohol,J.ForensicSci.Soc. 8 (2-3) (1968) 73-78.
• Referans27: Özyıl Öztürk Sarıkaya. Akut alkol intoksikasyonlarına yaklaşım ve tedavi.
• Referans28: https://psikiyatri.org.tr/TPDData/Uploads/files/AMKBBolum10AlkolIntoks.pdf) (Access date: 27/10/2020)
• Referans29: https://www.robsonforensic.com/articles/blood-alcohol-concentration-expert-witness/ (Access date : 27/10/2020)
• Referans30: Erol Baduroğlu, Dilek Durak. Alkol ile ilgili adli tıp sorunları. Uludağ üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 36 (2) 65-71,2010).
• Referans31: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537022/ (Access date: 28/10/2020)
• Referans32: https://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm (Access date: 28/10/2020)
• Referans33: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/CLT-120002887?scroll= top&needAccess=true&journalCode=ictx19. (: 28/10/2020
• Referans34: Mattila, M.J. Alcohol and Drug Interactions. Ann. Med. 1990, 22, 363–369.