Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Destructive Leadership and Organizational Culture as the Predecessors of Academic Mobbing

Year 2023, , 171 - 220, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.54637/ebad.1259385

Abstract

While global trends like university rankings and neoliberal policies have changed the operation of the higher education systems worldwide, they brought a new managerial understanding that prioritized competition and quantification of performance over collegiality and quality. This transformation rendered values like trust and professionalism hollow, weakened the relationships among faculty and directors, and eventually prepared a suitable ground for mobbing to flourish. The study aims to examine the phenomenon of academic mobbing from the perspectives of Turkish faculty based on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Model. 12 semi-structured in-depth interviews with the targeted faculty working at different universities in Ankara, İstanbul, Konya and Eskişehir were conducted. The major findings of the study were as follows: the perpetrators of mobbing were the directors who adopted autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles and had good relationships with in-group members; academic culture was described with threat, fear, jealousy, humiliation, high-powerdistance and collectivisms, all of which triggered mobbing; the targeted faculty were determined, strong and self-confident in nature as well as impulsive and aggressive at times; mobbing predominantly ended in resignation, psychological and psychosomatic problems, and the lack of belonging; the top two coping strategies were getting social support and facing the mobbers; and the most frequent suggestions were for leaders to ensure meritocracy, for faculty to leave the institution the soonest time possible, and for the state to create a mobbing law. Finally, it is recommended that democratic and transformative leadership styles be used at universities and independent expert groups inspect them.

References

  • Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G, Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 438–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00672.x
  • Agervold, M. (2009). The significance of organizational factors for the incidence of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009. 00710.x.
  • Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work and Stress, 18, 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02678370412331319794.
  • Ågotnes, K. W., Skogstad, A., Hetland J., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., Bakker, A. B. & Einarsen, S. V. (2020). Daily work pressure and exposure to bullying-related negative acts: The role of daily transformational and laissez-faire leadership, European Management Journal, 39(4), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.09.011
  • Aquino, K., & Lamertz, K. (2004). A relational model of workplace victimization: Social roles and patterns of victimizations in dyadic relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1023-1034. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1023.
  • Arnold, K. A. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee psychological wellbeing: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000062
  • Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700701
  • Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Manual and sampler set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
  • Bandow, D. & Hunter, D. (2008). Developing policies about uncivil workplace behavior. Business Communication Quarterly, 71(1), 103-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569907313380
  • Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stodgill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications (3rd Ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S.
  • Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Baş, S. (2011). İş yeri mobbingi ile iş tatmini ve örgütsel güven arasındaki ilişlki: Türk akademisyenleri üzerine bir çalışma. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Bennis, W. G., & Townsend, R. (1995). Reinventing leadership: Strategies to empower the organization. New York: Harper Collins Business Essentials.
  • Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30, 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420988
  • Blase, J. & Blase J. (2002). The dark side of leadership: Teacher perspectives of principal mistreatment. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 671-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239643
  • Bolman, L. G. & Gallos, J. V. (2011). Reframing academic leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bowie, V., Fisher, B. S. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.) (2005). Workplace violence: Issues, trends, strategies. UK: Willan Publishing.
  • Bozeman, J., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2015). The role of the victim and the perpetrator-victim relationship in understanding workplace aggression. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Bullies in the workplace: Seeing and stopping adults who abuse their co-workers and employees (pp.63–84). Praeger/ABC-CLIO
  • Brown, F. W., & Moshavi, D. (2002). Herding academic cats: Faculty reactions to transformational and contingent reward leadership by department chairs. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(3), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200800307
  • Bryman, A., Colinson, D., Grint, K., Jackson, B. & Uhl-Bien, M. (Eds). (2011). The sage handbook of leadership. London: Sage Publications
  • Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Cayvarlı, P. E. (2013). Akademisyenlerin üniversitelerdeki psikolojik yıldırmaya ilişkin algılarının incelenmesi: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi örneği (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitütü, İzmir.
  • Cemaloğlu, N. (2007). The relationship between school administrators’ leadership styles and bullying. H. U. Journal of Education, 33, 77-87.
  • Cemaloğlu, N. (2011). Primary principals’ leadership styles, school organizational health and workplace bullying. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(5), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511
  • Corrigan, P.W., Diwan, S., Campion, J., & Rashid, F. (2002). Transformational leadership and the mental health team. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 30(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022569617123. PMID:12680615.
  • Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943200417957
  • Crawford, N. (1997). Bullying at work: A psychoanalytic perspective. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7(42), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199706)7:3<219::AID-CASP420>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (4th ed., International Student Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Currie, J. (2004). The neo-liberal paradigm and higher education: A critique. In J. K. Odin & P. T. Manicas (Eds.), Globalization and higher education (pp. 47–53). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Çevik, S. K. (2011). Üniversitelerde öğretim elemanlarının yıldırma (mobbing) davranışlarına maruz kalma düzeyi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Davenport, N., Schwartz, R.D. & Elliott, G.P. (2002). Mobbing. emotional abuse in the American workplace. Iowa: Civil Society.
  • Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268588
  • Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S. & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behavior: A definition and conceptual model. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper, Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3-30). London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationship to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329408410497.
  • Einarsen, K., Salin, D., Einarsen, S. V., Skogstad, A., & Mykletun, R. J. (2019). Antecedents of ethical infrastructures against workplace bullying: The role of organizational size, perceived financial resources and level of high-quality HRM practices. Personnel Review, 48(3), 672–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2017-0303
  • Erdemir, B. (2012). Psychological abuse (mobbing) in higher education and legal measures in the world and in Turkey. Journal of Higher Education, 2(3), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.12.022.
  • Erdemir, B. (2015). Psychological abuse in higher education in relation to leadership and ethical climate. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Erdemir, B. (2019). Türkiye'de akademide mobbing ve çözüm önerileri: Lisansüstü tezlerin içerik analizi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 9(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.18.034
  • Erdemir, B., Demir, C. E., Yıldırım, J. & Kondakçı, Y. (2020). Academic mobbing in relation to leadership practices: A new perspective to an old issue. The Educational Forum. 84(2), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2020.1698684
  • Ertüreten A, Cemalcılar Z, & Aycan, Z. (2013). The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1468-2 Fettahlıoğlu, O. O. (2008). Örgutlerde psikolojik şiddet (mobbing): Üniversitelerde bir uygulama (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Dokuz Eylul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, İzmir.
  • Forest, J. J. F., & Altbach, P. G. (2007). International handbook of higher education. Part 1. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2
  • Freedman, S, & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace ıncivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College and research libraries, 77(6), 727. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.6.727
  • Fuller, R. W. (2010). All rise: Somebodies, nobodies, and the politics of dignity. U.S.A: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
  • Galanaki, E. (2012). The role of organizational culture on the occurrence of workplace bullying: Effects on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Paper presented at the 5th Annual EuroMed Conference. Building new business models for success through ınnovation, entrepreneurship, competitiveness and responsibility, Glion-Montreux, Switzerland.
  • Giorgi, G. (2012). Workplace bullying in academia creates a negative work environment. An Italian study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24(4), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-012-9193-7
  • Glambek, M. & Matthiesen, S. & Hetland. J. & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: A 6-month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal. 24(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12035.
  • Glasø, L. Matthiesen, S. B., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Do targets of workplace bullying portray a general victim personality profile? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00554.x
  • Glasø, L., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Interpersonal problems among targets and perpetrators of workplace bullying. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(6), 1316–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00483.x
  • Günçavdı, G. (2015). Araştırma görevlilerinin maruz kaldıkları kötü muamele düzeyi ile iş doyumu ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli.
  • Hater, J. J. & Bass, B. M. (1988). Supervisors’ evaluations and subordinates’ perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 695-702. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.695
  • Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A. & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work and Stress, 21(3), 220-242). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701705810
  • Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Working with victims of workplace bullying. In H. Lemshaw, & J. Pritchard (Eds.), Good practice in working with victims of violence (pp. 101-118). London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Hoel, H., Glasø, L., Hetland, J., Cooper, C. L., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Leadership styles as predictors of self-reported and observed workplace bullying. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 453e468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00664.x
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). (E-Journal). Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
  • Hofstede, G. (n.d.). Hofstede insights. Country comparison tool. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. London and New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Houghton, J. D. & Carbo, J. (2008, October). Perceived leadership style: A moderator of workplace bullying behavior. In J. P. Keenan (Ed.) The association on employment practices and principles. Proceeding of the 16th Annual international Conference, CERR: Chicago, Illinois.
  • Houghton, J. D., Oxarart, R. A., Heames, J. T., Buckley, M. R., & Carboi J. A. (2021). Leader power and agency-communion orientations as moderators of the effects of organizational characteristics on workplace bullying. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 33, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-021-09379-x
  • Houghton, J. D. & Yoho, S. K. (2005). Toward a contingency model of leadership and psychological empowerment: When should self-leadership be encouraged? Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100406
  • Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J. & Kottkamp, R. B. (1991). Open schools / healthy schools. Measuring organizational climate. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hubert, A. B., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2001). Risk sectors for undesired behavior and mobbing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000799
  • Keashly, L. (1998). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v01n01_05
  • L., & Neuman, J. H. (2010). Faculty experiences with bullying in higher education: Causes, consequences and management. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 32(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806320103
  • Koh, W. L., Steers, R. M., & Terborg, J. R. (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(4), 319–333. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2488561
  • Korkmaz, M. & Cemaloğlu, N. (2010). Relationship between organizational learning and workplace bullying in learning organizations. Educational Research Quarterly, 33(3), 3- 38.
  • Kwan, S. S. M., Tuckey, M. R., & Dollard, M. F. (2016). The role of the psychosocial safety climate in coping with workplace bullying: A grounded theory and sequential tree analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(1), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.982102
  • Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230010320064
  • Leon-Perez, J. M., Escartín Solanelles, J. & Giorgi, G. (2019). The presence of workplace bullying and harassment worldwide. In D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Notelaers, G., & Rayner, C. (Eds.) Concepts, approaches and methods. Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment, Vol 1 (pp. 55-86). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_3
  • Lester, J. (Ed.). (2013). Workplace bullying in higher education. NY: Routledge.
  • Lewis, S. E., & Orford, J. (2005). Women’s experiences of workplace bullying: Changes in social relationships. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 29-47. DOI: 10.1002/casp.807
  • Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-26.
  • Leymann, H. (1993). Mobbing. Psychoterror am arbeitsplatz und wie man sich dagegen wehren kann. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
  • Lo Presti, A., Pappone, P., & Landolfi, A. (2019). The associations between workplace bullying and physical or psychological negative symptoms: Anxiety and depression as mediators. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(4), 808-822. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i4.1733
  • Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
  • Lunenburg, F. C. & Ornstein, A. C. (2008). Educational administration: Concepts and practices (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Lutgen - Sandvik, P. (2003). The communicative cycle of employee emotional abuse: Generation and regeneration of workplace mistreatment. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 471–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903251627
  • Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & McDermott, V. (2008). The constitution of employee-abusive organizations: A communication flow theory. Communication Theory, 18(2), 304-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00324.x
  • MacCarthy, P. (2003). Bullying at work: a postmodern experience. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: international perspectives in research and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • MacIntosh, J. (2005). Experiences of workplace bullying in a rural area. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(9), 893-910. DOI: 10.1080/01612840500248189 Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Martin, W. & LaVan, H. (2010). Workplace bullying: A review of litigated cases. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 22, 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-009-9140-4
  • Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Bullying in the workplace: Definition, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Organization and Behavior, 13(2), 202-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-13-02-2010-B004
  • McClean, E. J., Burris, E. R., & Detert, J. R. (2013). When does voice lead to exit? It depends on leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 525-548. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0041
  • McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. (2002). Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 545-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00143-1
  • McDonald, J. J. (2006). Be nice, or be sued. Employee Relations Law Journal, 31(4), 73-83. https://www.fisherphillips.com/news-insights/be-nice-or-be-sued.html
  • Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers’ mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 327e350. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2124
  • Murphy, P. (1989). Creating ethical corporate structures. Sloan Management Review, 30(2), 81-87. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1302988730
  • Namie, G. (2007). The challenge of workplace bullying. Employment Relations Today, 34(2), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.20151
  • Namie, G. (2021). 2021 WBI U.S. workplace bullying survey. https://workplacebullying.org/2021-wbi-survey/
  • Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2009). U.S. Workplace bullying: Some basic considerations and consultation interventions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016670
  • Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2011). WBI healthy workplace bill to prevent and correct abuse at work. Healthy Workplace Bill. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from http://www.healthyworkplacebill.org
  • Nielsen, M. B. (2013). Bullying in work groups: the impact of leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 127–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12011
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71e83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
  • Nielsen, M. B. & Knardahl, S. (2015). Is workplace bullying related to the personality traits of victims? A two-year prospective study, Work and Stress, 29(2), 128-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1032383
  • Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 955–979. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X481256
  • Notelaers. G.. Van der Heijden. B.. Hoel. H. & Einarsen. S. (2019). Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: Identification of targets and criterion validity. Work and Stress, 33(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736
  • Offermann, I. R. & Hellmann, P. S. (1996). Leadership and subordinate stress: A 360 ⸰ view. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(4), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.1.4.382
  • Omari, M. (2007). Towards dignity and respect at work: An exploration of bullying in the public sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Edith Cowan University, Western Australia.
  • O’Moore, M. & Lynch, J. (2007). Leadership, working environment and workplace bullying. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behaviour, 10(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-10-01-2007-B005
  • O’Moore, M., Seigne, E., Mcguire, I. & Smith, M. (2012). Victims of workplace bullying in Ireland. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 14(2-3), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.1998.10558195
  • Özen, Ö. (2009). Örgüt kültürünün mobbing davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
  • Quinn, L. (2012). Understanding resistance: An analysis of discourses in academic staff development. Studies in Higher Education, 37(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.497837
  • Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00019-X
  • Peker, S., Inandi, Y., & Gilic, F. (2018). The relationship between leadership styles (autocratic and democratic) of school administrators and the mobbing teachers suffer. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 7(1), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2018.1.150
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90049-5
  • Poussard, J. M., & Çamuroğlu, M. İ. (2009). Psikolojik taciz: İşyerindeki kabus. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Raskauskas, J. (2006). Bullying in academia: An examination of workplace bullying in New Zealand universities. Paper Presented at the American Education Research Association Conference. American Education Research Association Conference, San Francisco.
  • Rayner, C., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2002). Workplace bullying: What we know, who is to blame, and what we can do? London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2007). Avrupa Konseyi 1996 gözden geçirilmiş sosyal şartı. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/04/20070409-1.htm
  • Resmi Gazete. (2011). Başbakanlık işyerinde psikolojik tacizin (mobing) önlenmesi - 2011/2 Sayılı Genelge. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/03/20110319-8.htm
  • Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., & Shore, L. M. (2012). Leader-member exchange (LMX) and culture: A meta-analysis of correlates of LMX across 23 countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1097-130. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029978.
  • Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610003
  • Salin, D. (2018). Workplace bullying and gender: An overview of empirical findings. In P. D'Cruz et al. (Eds.), Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment. Vol. 3: Dignity and inclusion at work. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
  • Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Shallcross, L. (2003). The workplace mobbing syndrome, response and prevention in the public sector. Workplace Mobbing Conference, Brisbane (pp. 16-17).
  • Sert, Ö., & Wigley, A. A. (2013). Mobbing, üniversiteler ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.egitimsenankara5.org/mobbing-universiteler-vetoplumsal-cinsiyet/
  • Shavitt, S., Lalwani, A. K., Zhang, J., & Torelli, C. J. (2006). The horizontal/vertical distinction in cross-cultural consumer research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 325-356. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1604_3
  • Simon, C. S. & Simon, D. B. (2006). Bully for you. Full steam ahead: How Pennsylvania Employment Law permits bullying in the workplace. Widener Law Journal, 16, 141-164. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wjpl16&div=11&id=&page
  • Skogstad, A., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Destructive forms of leadership and their relationships with employee well-being. In E. K. Kelloway, K. Nielsen, & J. K. Dimoff (Eds.), Leading to occupational health and safety: How leadership behaviours impact organizational safety and well-being (pp. 163e195). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Srivastava, S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041
  • Stewart, G.L. & Manz, C.C. (1995). Leadership for self-managing work teams: A typology and integrative model. Human Relations, 48(7), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800702
  • Stogdill, R. M. (1950). Leadership, membership, and organization. Psychological Bulletin, 47(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0053857
  • Stouten, J., Baillien, E., Van den Broeck, A., Camps, J., De Witte, H., & Euwema, M. (2010). Discouraging bullying: The role of ethical leadership and its effects on the work environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 95 (Supplement 1), 17e27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0797-x
  • Taylor, S.K. (2012). Workplace bullying in higher education: Faculty experiences and responses. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota. Retrieved January 21, 2013 from https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/127285/Taylor_umn_0130E_126 72.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Tepper, B. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375
  • Tepper, B.J. (2007). Introduction to the Leadership Quarterly special issue: Destructive leadership. Leadership Quarterly 18(3), 171–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.003
  • Tınaz, P. (2006). Mobbing: İşyerinde psikolojik taciz. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(10), 11-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ct/issue/71771/1154978
  • Tınaz, P. (2011). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz (Mobbing). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Tsuno, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Multifactor leadership styles and new exposure to workplace bullying: A six-month prospective study. Industrial Health, 53(2), 139e151. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2014-0152
  • Twale, D. J., & De Luca, B. M. (2008). Faculty incivility: the rise of the academic bully culture and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Van de Vliert, E., Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2013). Are national levels of employee harassment cultural covariations of climato-economic conditions? Work and Stress, 27(1), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.760901
  • Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying: Psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414855.
  • Vartia, M. V. (2003). Workplace bullying- a study on the work environment, wellbeing and health. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). People and Work Research Reports 56. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.
  • Westhues, K. (2005). The envy of excellence: administrative mobbing of high-achieving professors. UK: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Westhues, K. (2006). The story behind the story-mob rule. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.kwesthues.com/chronicle.htm
  • Wilson, C. B. (1991). U.S. Businesses suffer from workplace trauma. The Personnel Journal, 70, 47-50.
  • Xu, T. W., Hanson, L. L. M., Lange, T., Starkopf, L., Westerlund, H., Madsen, I. E. H., ... & Rod, N. H. (2018). Workplace bullying and violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A multicohort study and meta-analysis. Diabtologia, 61(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4480-3
  • Yamada, D. (2003). Workplace bullying and the law: toward a transnational consensus? In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: international perspectives in research and practice (pp. 399-411). London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Yıldız, S. (2007). İşyerinde istismar davranışlarının psiko-sosyal boyutu ve bir uygulama (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/ bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20, 70 – 85. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268669.
  • Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, & C. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 165-184). London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (pp. 177-200). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Zapf, D., Escartín Solanelles, J., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H. & Vartia, M. (2020). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In S. V. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Theory, research and practice (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429462528
  • Zapf, D., Knortz, C. & Kulla , M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors and job content, work environment and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414856

Akademik Mobbing’in Öncülleri olarak Yıkıcı Liderlik ve Örgütsel Kültür

Year 2023, , 171 - 220, 27.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.54637/ebad.1259385

Abstract

Üniversite sıralamaları ve neoliberal politikalar gibi küresel eğilimler tüm dünyada yükseköğretim sistemlerinin işleyişini değiştirirken beraberinde getirdikleri yeni yönetsel anlayış, mesleki işbirliği ve kalite yerine rekabete ve performansın sayısal ölçütlerle değerlendirilmesine öncelik verdi. Bu dönüşüm, güven ve profesyonellik gibi kavramların içini boşalttı, öğretim elemanları ile yöneticiler arasındaki ilişkileri zayıflattı ve sonunda mobbingin gelişmesi için uygun bir ortam hazırladı. Bu çalışma, akademik mobbing olgusunu, Hofstede’nin Kültürel Boyutlar Modeli’ne dayandırarak, Türk öğretim elemanlarının bakış açısından incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. 12 yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat, Ankara, İstanbul, Konya ve Eskişehir’de farklı üniversitelerde çalışan mobbinge maruz kalmış öğretim elemanı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel bulguları şu şekildedir: mobbingin failleri, otokratik ve serbest bırakıcı liderlik biçimlerini benimseyen ve iç-grup üyeleriyle iyi ilişkiler içinde olan yöneticilerdir; akademik kültür, tehdit, korku, kıskançlık, küçük görme, yüksek-güç-mesafesi ve kolektivizm ile tanımlanmış ve tüm bunlar mobbingi tırmandırmıştır; mobbing mağduru öğretim elemanları yapı olarak kararlı, güçlü ve özgüvenli oldukları kadar zaman zaman fevri ve agresif olarak da tanımlanabilir; mobbing olgusu büyük oranda istifa, psikolojik ve psikosomatik problemler ve aidiyet duygusunun kaybı ile sonuçlanmıştır; ilk iki başa çıkma stratejisi, sosyal destek alma ve faillerle yüzleşmektir; en sıklıkla dile getirilen öneriler, liderler açısından liyakati sağlamak, öğretim elemanları açısından işyerinden en kısa sürede ayrılmak ve devlet içinse mobbing yasası çıkarmaktır. Son olarak, üniversitelerde demokratik ve dönüşümcü liderlik biçimlerinin kullanılması ve üniversitelerin bağımsız uzman grupları tarafından denetlenmesi önerilmektedir.

References

  • Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G, Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 438–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00672.x
  • Agervold, M. (2009). The significance of organizational factors for the incidence of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009. 00710.x.
  • Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work and Stress, 18, 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02678370412331319794.
  • Ågotnes, K. W., Skogstad, A., Hetland J., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., Bakker, A. B. & Einarsen, S. V. (2020). Daily work pressure and exposure to bullying-related negative acts: The role of daily transformational and laissez-faire leadership, European Management Journal, 39(4), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2020.09.011
  • Aquino, K., & Lamertz, K. (2004). A relational model of workplace victimization: Social roles and patterns of victimizations in dyadic relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1023-1034. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.1023.
  • Arnold, K. A. (2017). Transformational leadership and employee psychological wellbeing: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000062
  • Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700701
  • Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Manual and sampler set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
  • Bandow, D. & Hunter, D. (2008). Developing policies about uncivil workplace behavior. Business Communication Quarterly, 71(1), 103-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569907313380
  • Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stodgill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications (3rd Ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S.
  • Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organisational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Baş, S. (2011). İş yeri mobbingi ile iş tatmini ve örgütsel güven arasındaki ilişlki: Türk akademisyenleri üzerine bir çalışma. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Bennis, W. G., & Townsend, R. (1995). Reinventing leadership: Strategies to empower the organization. New York: Harper Collins Business Essentials.
  • Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30, 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420988
  • Blase, J. & Blase J. (2002). The dark side of leadership: Teacher perspectives of principal mistreatment. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38(5), 671-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X02239643
  • Bolman, L. G. & Gallos, J. V. (2011). Reframing academic leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Bowie, V., Fisher, B. S. & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.) (2005). Workplace violence: Issues, trends, strategies. UK: Willan Publishing.
  • Bozeman, J., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2015). The role of the victim and the perpetrator-victim relationship in understanding workplace aggression. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Bullies in the workplace: Seeing and stopping adults who abuse their co-workers and employees (pp.63–84). Praeger/ABC-CLIO
  • Brown, F. W., & Moshavi, D. (2002). Herding academic cats: Faculty reactions to transformational and contingent reward leadership by department chairs. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(3), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200800307
  • Bryman, A., Colinson, D., Grint, K., Jackson, B. & Uhl-Bien, M. (Eds). (2011). The sage handbook of leadership. London: Sage Publications
  • Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Cayvarlı, P. E. (2013). Akademisyenlerin üniversitelerdeki psikolojik yıldırmaya ilişkin algılarının incelenmesi: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi örneği (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitütü, İzmir.
  • Cemaloğlu, N. (2007). The relationship between school administrators’ leadership styles and bullying. H. U. Journal of Education, 33, 77-87.
  • Cemaloğlu, N. (2011). Primary principals’ leadership styles, school organizational health and workplace bullying. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(5), 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231111159511
  • Corrigan, P.W., Diwan, S., Campion, J., & Rashid, F. (2002). Transformational leadership and the mental health team. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 30(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022569617123. PMID:12680615.
  • Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943200417957
  • Crawford, N. (1997). Bullying at work: A psychoanalytic perspective. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 7(42), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199706)7:3<219::AID-CASP420>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (4th ed., International Student Ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Currie, J. (2004). The neo-liberal paradigm and higher education: A critique. In J. K. Odin & P. T. Manicas (Eds.), Globalization and higher education (pp. 47–53). Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Çevik, S. K. (2011). Üniversitelerde öğretim elemanlarının yıldırma (mobbing) davranışlarına maruz kalma düzeyi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Davenport, N., Schwartz, R.D. & Elliott, G.P. (2002). Mobbing. emotional abuse in the American workplace. Iowa: Civil Society.
  • Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268588
  • Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S. & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behavior: A definition and conceptual model. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. L. Cooper, Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 3-30). London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., & Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). Bullying and harassment at work and their relationship to work environment quality: An exploratory study. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329408410497.
  • Einarsen, K., Salin, D., Einarsen, S. V., Skogstad, A., & Mykletun, R. J. (2019). Antecedents of ethical infrastructures against workplace bullying: The role of organizational size, perceived financial resources and level of high-quality HRM practices. Personnel Review, 48(3), 672–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-10-2017-0303
  • Erdemir, B. (2012). Psychological abuse (mobbing) in higher education and legal measures in the world and in Turkey. Journal of Higher Education, 2(3), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.12.022.
  • Erdemir, B. (2015). Psychological abuse in higher education in relation to leadership and ethical climate. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Erdemir, B. (2019). Türkiye'de akademide mobbing ve çözüm önerileri: Lisansüstü tezlerin içerik analizi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 9(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.18.034
  • Erdemir, B., Demir, C. E., Yıldırım, J. & Kondakçı, Y. (2020). Academic mobbing in relation to leadership practices: A new perspective to an old issue. The Educational Forum. 84(2), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2020.1698684
  • Ertüreten A, Cemalcılar Z, & Aycan, Z. (2013). The relationship of downward mobbing with leadership style and organizational attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1468-2 Fettahlıoğlu, O. O. (2008). Örgutlerde psikolojik şiddet (mobbing): Üniversitelerde bir uygulama (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi), Dokuz Eylul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, İzmir.
  • Forest, J. J. F., & Altbach, P. G. (2007). International handbook of higher education. Part 1. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4012-2
  • Freedman, S, & Vreven, D. (2016). Workplace ıncivility and bullying in the library: Perception or reality? College and research libraries, 77(6), 727. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.6.727
  • Fuller, R. W. (2010). All rise: Somebodies, nobodies, and the politics of dignity. U.S.A: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
  • Galanaki, E. (2012). The role of organizational culture on the occurrence of workplace bullying: Effects on organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Paper presented at the 5th Annual EuroMed Conference. Building new business models for success through ınnovation, entrepreneurship, competitiveness and responsibility, Glion-Montreux, Switzerland.
  • Giorgi, G. (2012). Workplace bullying in academia creates a negative work environment. An Italian study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24(4), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-012-9193-7
  • Glambek, M. & Matthiesen, S. & Hetland. J. & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: A 6-month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal. 24(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12035.
  • Glasø, L. Matthiesen, S. B., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Do targets of workplace bullying portray a general victim personality profile? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(4), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00554.x
  • Glasø, L., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2009). Interpersonal problems among targets and perpetrators of workplace bullying. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(6), 1316–1333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00483.x
  • Günçavdı, G. (2015). Araştırma görevlilerinin maruz kaldıkları kötü muamele düzeyi ile iş doyumu ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kocaeli.
  • Hater, J. J. & Bass, B. M. (1988). Supervisors’ evaluations and subordinates’ perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 695-702. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.73.4.695
  • Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A. & Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work and Stress, 21(3), 220-242). https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701705810
  • Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2000). Working with victims of workplace bullying. In H. Lemshaw, & J. Pritchard (Eds.), Good practice in working with victims of violence (pp. 101-118). London: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Hoel, H., Glasø, L., Hetland, J., Cooper, C. L., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Leadership styles as predictors of self-reported and observed workplace bullying. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 453e468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00664.x
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). (E-Journal). Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
  • Hofstede, G. (n.d.). Hofstede insights. Country comparison tool. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. London and New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Houghton, J. D. & Carbo, J. (2008, October). Perceived leadership style: A moderator of workplace bullying behavior. In J. P. Keenan (Ed.) The association on employment practices and principles. Proceeding of the 16th Annual international Conference, CERR: Chicago, Illinois.
  • Houghton, J. D., Oxarart, R. A., Heames, J. T., Buckley, M. R., & Carboi J. A. (2021). Leader power and agency-communion orientations as moderators of the effects of organizational characteristics on workplace bullying. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 33, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-021-09379-x
  • Houghton, J. D. & Yoho, S. K. (2005). Toward a contingency model of leadership and psychological empowerment: When should self-leadership be encouraged? Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(4), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190501100406
  • Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J. & Kottkamp, R. B. (1991). Open schools / healthy schools. Measuring organizational climate. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hubert, A. B., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2001). Risk sectors for undesired behavior and mobbing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000799
  • Keashly, L. (1998). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v01n01_05
  • L., & Neuman, J. H. (2010). Faculty experiences with bullying in higher education: Causes, consequences and management. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 32(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.2753/ATP1084-1806320103
  • Koh, W. L., Steers, R. M., & Terborg, J. R. (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(4), 319–333. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2488561
  • Korkmaz, M. & Cemaloğlu, N. (2010). Relationship between organizational learning and workplace bullying in learning organizations. Educational Research Quarterly, 33(3), 3- 38.
  • Kwan, S. S. M., Tuckey, M. R., & Dollard, M. F. (2016). The role of the psychosocial safety climate in coping with workplace bullying: A grounded theory and sequential tree analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(1), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.982102
  • Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230010320064
  • Leon-Perez, J. M., Escartín Solanelles, J. & Giorgi, G. (2019). The presence of workplace bullying and harassment worldwide. In D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Notelaers, G., & Rayner, C. (Eds.) Concepts, approaches and methods. Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment, Vol 1 (pp. 55-86). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0134-6_3
  • Lester, J. (Ed.). (2013). Workplace bullying in higher education. NY: Routledge.
  • Lewis, S. E., & Orford, J. (2005). Women’s experiences of workplace bullying: Changes in social relationships. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 29-47. DOI: 10.1002/casp.807
  • Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-26.
  • Leymann, H. (1993). Mobbing. Psychoterror am arbeitsplatz und wie man sich dagegen wehren kann. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
  • Lo Presti, A., Pappone, P., & Landolfi, A. (2019). The associations between workplace bullying and physical or psychological negative symptoms: Anxiety and depression as mediators. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(4), 808-822. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i4.1733
  • Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
  • Lunenburg, F. C. & Ornstein, A. C. (2008). Educational administration: Concepts and practices (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Lutgen - Sandvik, P. (2003). The communicative cycle of employee emotional abuse: Generation and regeneration of workplace mistreatment. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 471–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903251627
  • Lutgen-Sandvik, P., & McDermott, V. (2008). The constitution of employee-abusive organizations: A communication flow theory. Communication Theory, 18(2), 304-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00324.x
  • MacCarthy, P. (2003). Bullying at work: a postmodern experience. In Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: international perspectives in research and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • MacIntosh, J. (2005). Experiences of workplace bullying in a rural area. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(9), 893-910. DOI: 10.1080/01612840500248189 Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Martin, W. & LaVan, H. (2010). Workplace bullying: A review of litigated cases. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 22, 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-009-9140-4
  • Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Bullying in the workplace: Definition, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Organization and Behavior, 13(2), 202-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-13-02-2010-B004
  • McClean, E. J., Burris, E. R., & Detert, J. R. (2013). When does voice lead to exit? It depends on leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 56(2), 525-548. https://doi.org/dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0041
  • McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. (2002). Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 545-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00143-1
  • McDonald, J. J. (2006). Be nice, or be sued. Employee Relations Law Journal, 31(4), 73-83. https://www.fisherphillips.com/news-insights/be-nice-or-be-sued.html
  • Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers’ mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 327e350. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2124
  • Murphy, P. (1989). Creating ethical corporate structures. Sloan Management Review, 30(2), 81-87. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1302988730
  • Namie, G. (2007). The challenge of workplace bullying. Employment Relations Today, 34(2), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.20151
  • Namie, G. (2021). 2021 WBI U.S. workplace bullying survey. https://workplacebullying.org/2021-wbi-survey/
  • Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2009). U.S. Workplace bullying: Some basic considerations and consultation interventions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016670
  • Namie, G., & Namie, R. (2011). WBI healthy workplace bill to prevent and correct abuse at work. Healthy Workplace Bill. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from http://www.healthyworkplacebill.org
  • Nielsen, M. B. (2013). Bullying in work groups: the impact of leadership. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 127–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12011
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
  • Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71e83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
  • Nielsen, M. B. & Knardahl, S. (2015). Is workplace bullying related to the personality traits of victims? A two-year prospective study, Work and Stress, 29(2), 128-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1032383
  • Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 955–979. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X481256
  • Notelaers. G.. Van der Heijden. B.. Hoel. H. & Einarsen. S. (2019). Measuring bullying at work with the short-negative acts questionnaire: Identification of targets and criterion validity. Work and Stress, 33(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1457736
  • Offermann, I. R. & Hellmann, P. S. (1996). Leadership and subordinate stress: A 360 ⸰ view. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(4), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.1.4.382
  • Omari, M. (2007). Towards dignity and respect at work: An exploration of bullying in the public sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Edith Cowan University, Western Australia.
  • O’Moore, M. & Lynch, J. (2007). Leadership, working environment and workplace bullying. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behaviour, 10(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-10-01-2007-B005
  • O’Moore, M., Seigne, E., Mcguire, I. & Smith, M. (2012). Victims of workplace bullying in Ireland. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 14(2-3), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.1998.10558195
  • Özen, Ö. (2009). Örgüt kültürünün mobbing davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.
  • Quinn, L. (2012). Understanding resistance: An analysis of discourses in academic staff development. Studies in Higher Education, 37(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.497837
  • Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00019-X
  • Peker, S., Inandi, Y., & Gilic, F. (2018). The relationship between leadership styles (autocratic and democratic) of school administrators and the mobbing teachers suffer. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 7(1), 150-164. https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2018.1.150
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90049-5
  • Poussard, J. M., & Çamuroğlu, M. İ. (2009). Psikolojik taciz: İşyerindeki kabus. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Raskauskas, J. (2006). Bullying in academia: An examination of workplace bullying in New Zealand universities. Paper Presented at the American Education Research Association Conference. American Education Research Association Conference, San Francisco.
  • Rayner, C., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2002). Workplace bullying: What we know, who is to blame, and what we can do? London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2007). Avrupa Konseyi 1996 gözden geçirilmiş sosyal şartı. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/04/20070409-1.htm
  • Resmi Gazete. (2011). Başbakanlık işyerinde psikolojik tacizin (mobing) önlenmesi - 2011/2 Sayılı Genelge. Retrieved February 1, 2023, from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/03/20110319-8.htm
  • Rockstuhl, T., Dulebohn, J. H., Ang, S., & Shore, L. M. (2012). Leader-member exchange (LMX) and culture: A meta-analysis of correlates of LMX across 23 countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1097-130. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029978.
  • Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267035610003
  • Salin, D. (2018). Workplace bullying and gender: An overview of empirical findings. In P. D'Cruz et al. (Eds.), Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment. Vol. 3: Dignity and inclusion at work. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
  • Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Shallcross, L. (2003). The workplace mobbing syndrome, response and prevention in the public sector. Workplace Mobbing Conference, Brisbane (pp. 16-17).
  • Sert, Ö., & Wigley, A. A. (2013). Mobbing, üniversiteler ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.egitimsenankara5.org/mobbing-universiteler-vetoplumsal-cinsiyet/
  • Shavitt, S., Lalwani, A. K., Zhang, J., & Torelli, C. J. (2006). The horizontal/vertical distinction in cross-cultural consumer research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 325-356. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1604_3
  • Simon, C. S. & Simon, D. B. (2006). Bully for you. Full steam ahead: How Pennsylvania Employment Law permits bullying in the workplace. Widener Law Journal, 16, 141-164. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wjpl16&div=11&id=&page
  • Skogstad, A., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2017). Destructive forms of leadership and their relationships with employee well-being. In E. K. Kelloway, K. Nielsen, & J. K. Dimoff (Eds.), Leading to occupational health and safety: How leadership behaviours impact organizational safety and well-being (pp. 163e195). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Srivastava, S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041
  • Stewart, G.L. & Manz, C.C. (1995). Leadership for self-managing work teams: A typology and integrative model. Human Relations, 48(7), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800702
  • Stogdill, R. M. (1950). Leadership, membership, and organization. Psychological Bulletin, 47(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0053857
  • Stouten, J., Baillien, E., Van den Broeck, A., Camps, J., De Witte, H., & Euwema, M. (2010). Discouraging bullying: The role of ethical leadership and its effects on the work environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 95 (Supplement 1), 17e27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0797-x
  • Taylor, S.K. (2012). Workplace bullying in higher education: Faculty experiences and responses. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota. Retrieved January 21, 2013 from https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/127285/Taylor_umn_0130E_126 72.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Tepper, B. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375
  • Tepper, B.J. (2007). Introduction to the Leadership Quarterly special issue: Destructive leadership. Leadership Quarterly 18(3), 171–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.003
  • Tınaz, P. (2006). Mobbing: İşyerinde psikolojik taciz. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(10), 11-22. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ct/issue/71771/1154978
  • Tınaz, P. (2011). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz (Mobbing). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Tsuno, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Multifactor leadership styles and new exposure to workplace bullying: A six-month prospective study. Industrial Health, 53(2), 139e151. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2014-0152
  • Twale, D. J., & De Luca, B. M. (2008). Faculty incivility: the rise of the academic bully culture and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Van de Vliert, E., Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2013). Are national levels of employee harassment cultural covariations of climato-economic conditions? Work and Stress, 27(1), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.760901
  • Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying: Psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414855.
  • Vartia, M. V. (2003). Workplace bullying- a study on the work environment, wellbeing and health. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). People and Work Research Reports 56. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health.
  • Westhues, K. (2005). The envy of excellence: administrative mobbing of high-achieving professors. UK: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Westhues, K. (2006). The story behind the story-mob rule. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.kwesthues.com/chronicle.htm
  • Wilson, C. B. (1991). U.S. Businesses suffer from workplace trauma. The Personnel Journal, 70, 47-50.
  • Xu, T. W., Hanson, L. L. M., Lange, T., Starkopf, L., Westerlund, H., Madsen, I. E. H., ... & Rod, N. H. (2018). Workplace bullying and violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A multicohort study and meta-analysis. Diabtologia, 61(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4480-3
  • Yamada, D. (2003). Workplace bullying and the law: toward a transnational consensus? In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: international perspectives in research and practice (pp. 399-411). London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Yıldız, S. (2007). İşyerinde istismar davranışlarının psiko-sosyal boyutu ve bir uygulama (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/ bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20, 70 – 85. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268669.
  • Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, & C. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 165-184). London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2011). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace (pp. 177-200). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Zapf, D., Escartín Solanelles, J., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H. & Vartia, M. (2020). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In S. V. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf & C. Cooper (Eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Theory, research and practice (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429462528
  • Zapf, D., Knortz, C. & Kulla , M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors and job content, work environment and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414856
There are 148 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education, Studies on Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Erdemir 0000-0003-2283-157X

Publication Date March 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Erdemir, B. (2023). Destructive Leadership and Organizational Culture as the Predecessors of Academic Mobbing. Eğitim Bilim Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 4(1), 171-220. https://doi.org/10.54637/ebad.1259385



         download   24218