Ergenlerde Şiddet Eğiliminin Yordayıcıları Olarak Akran Zorbalığına Maruz Kalma, Sürekli Öfke ve Yabancılaşma

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Şiddet eğilimi, Öfke, Yabancılaşma, Akran zorbalığına maruz kalma

Peer Victimization, Trait Anger and Alienation as Predictors of Violence Tendency in Adolescents

Abstract

The primary purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between the violence tendency in adolescents and peer victimization, trait anger and alienation. The secondary purpose of the study is to look at the relationship between age and gender and violence tendency. The study group of the current research is comprised of 644 adolescents (277 female adolescents and 367 male adolescents), selected from two different types of high school (Anatolian High School and Vocational High School). The ages of the participating adolescents are in the age group of 14-19 years old and their mean age is 15.81 years. In the current study, the Violence Tendency Scale, Peer Victimization Scale, State-Trait Anger Expression Styles and Student Alienation Scale were employed in order to collect data. The results of the analyses revealed that trait anger, alienation and peer victimization significantly predict violence tendency. These three variables together explain 45% of the variance in violence tendency. In a similar manner, it was found that gender and age significantly predict violence tendency and these two variables together explain 7% of the variance in violence tendency. The findings obtained from the study were discussed and interpreted in light of the literature

Keywords

• Violence tendency, Anger, Alienation, Peer victimization

References

1. Alikasifoğlu, M., Ercan, O., Erginöz, E., Uysal, Ö., & Kaymak D. A. (2004). Violent behavior among Turkish high school students and correlate of physical fighting. European Journal of Public Health, 14(2), 173-177.
2. Avcı, R. (2016). Validating a measure of forms and functions of aggression in Turkish adolescents. Revista De Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 53, 114-131.
3. Aydın, A., & Akgün, S. (2014). The relationships between anger, narcissism and reactive and proactive aggression in adolescence. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 29(73), 57-59.
4. Balkıs, M., Duru, E., & Buluş, M. (2005). Şiddete yönelik tutumların özyeterlilik, medya, şiddete yönelik inanç, arkadaş grubu ve okula bağlılık duygusu ile ilişkisi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 6(2), 81-97.
5. Bandura, A. (1986). The social learning perspective: Mechanisms of aggression. In H. Toch (Ed.), Psychology of crime and criminal justice (pp. 198-236). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
6. Başaran, C. (2008). Çeşitli tür liselerde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin saldırganlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
7. Berkowitz, L. (1965). The concept of aggressive drive. Some additional considerations. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 301-329). New York, NY: Academic Press.
8. Biebl, S. J., DiLalla, L. F., Davis, E. K., Lynch, K. A., & Shinn, S. O. (2011). Longitudinal associations among peer victimization and physical and mental health problems. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(8), 868-877.

9. Brezina, T., Piquero, A. R., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew's macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 362-386.
10. Burnukara, P., & Uçanok, Z. (2012). Bullying in early and middle adolescence: Where does it take place and coping strategies. Turkish Psychological Articles, 15(29), 83-85.
11. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
12. Calabrese, R. L., & Adams, J. (1990). Alienation: A cause of juvenile delinquency. Adolescence, 25, 435-440.
13. Camodeca, M., & Goossens, F. A. (2005). Aggression, social cognitions, anger and sadness in bullies and victims. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(2), 186-197.
14. Cooley, J. L., Fite, P. J., Rubens, S. L., & Tunno, A. M. (2015). Peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and rule-breaking behavior in adolescence: The moderating role of peer social support. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(3), 512-522.
15. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722.
16. Çeçen, A. R. (2006). School alienation: Gender, socio-economic status and anger in high school adolescents. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 6(3), 721-726.
17. Çivitci, N. (2011). School alienation and perceived social support as predictors of school anger in high school students. Elementary Education Online, 10(3), 861-871.
18. Dölek, N. (2002). İlk ve ortaöğretim okullarındaki öğrenciler arasında zorbaca davranışların incelenmesi ve zorbalığı önleme tutumu geliştirilmesi programının etkisinin araştırılması (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
19. Farrington, D. P. (2007). Origins of violent behavior over the life span. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi & I. D. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 19-48). New York, United State: Cambridge University Press.
20. Fite, P. J., Cooley, J. L., Williford, A., Frazer, A., & DiPierro, M. (2014). Parental school involvement as a moderator of the association between peer victimization and academic performance. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 25-32.
21. Fung, A. L., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross‐cultural generalizability of the Reactive‐Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 473–479.
22. Gençoğlu, C., Kumcağız, H., & Ersanlı, K. (2014). Ergenlerin şiddet eğilimine etki eden ailevi faktörler. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2), 639-652.
23. Gökler, R. (2007). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi.
24. Gültekin, Z., & Sayıl, M. (2005). Akran Zorbalığını Belirleme Ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 15, 47-61.
25. Gündoğdu, R. (2010). 9 sınıf öğrencilerinin çatışma çözme öfke ve saldırganlık düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 257-276.
26. Haskan, Ö., & Yıldırım, İ. (2012). Development of violence tendency scale. Egitim ve Bilim, 37(163), 165-177.
27. Hymel, S., Closson, L. M., Caravita, S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2011). Social status among peers: From sociometric attraction to peer acceptance to perceived popularity. In P. K. Smith & H. Hart (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (second edition) (pp. 375-392). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
28. Kapçı, E. G. (2004) İlköğretim öğrencilerinin zorbalığa maruz kalma türünün ve sıklığının depresyon, kaygı ve benlik saygısıyla ilişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 1-13.
29. Karataş, Z. (2008). Lise öğrencilerinde öfke ve saldırganlık. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 277-294.
30. Khoury-Kassabri, M., Astor, R. A., & Benbenishty, R. (2009). Middle Eastern adolescents' perpetration of school violence against peers and teachers a cross-cultural and ecological analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 24(1), 159-182.
31. Kutlu, F. (2005). The effect of bullying management training on bullying behaviors of elementary school https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi dissertation, METU, Ankara). Retrieved from
32. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2007). Ortaöğretim okullarında görevli yöneticilerin şiddet konusundaki bilgi ve becerilerine ilişkin mevcut durum analizi. Ankara: Eğitimi Araştırma ve Geliştirme Dairesi Başkanlığı.
33. Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development of the multidimensional peer-victimization scale. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 169-178.
34. Nair, B. (2014). Ergenlerin saldırganlık davranışlarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. (Master’s https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Cumhuriyet University, Sivas). Retrieved from
35. Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., & Qvarnstrİm, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of youth and adolescence, 30 (5), 561-575.
36. Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli Öfke (SL-Öfke) ve Öfke İfade Tazı (Öfke_Tarz) ölçekleri ön çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31, 26-35.
37. Özgür, G., Yörükoğlu, G., & Baysan-Arabacı, L. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin şiddet algıları, şiddet eğilim düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörler. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(2), 53-60.
38. Patterson, R. L. (2005). Adolescent alienation: Examining the relevance of contextual domains and psychological https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/54795/NR16702.PDF?sequence =1&isAllowed=y (Doctoral
39. Pekel, N. (2004). Akran zorbalığı grupları arasında sosyometrik statü, yalnızlık ve akademik başarı durumlarının incelenmesi (Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi.
40. Povedano, A., Cava, M. J., Monreal, M. C., Varela, R., & Musitu, G. (2015). Victimization, loneliness, overt and relational violence at the school from a gender perspective. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(1), 44-51.
41. Reijntjes, A., Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Boelen, P. A., Orobio de Castro, B., & Telch, M. J. (2010). The outcast lash-out effect in youth: Alienation increases aggression following peer rejection. Psychological Science, 21, 1394-1398.
42. Sanberk, İ. (2003). Öğrenci yabancılaşma ölçeği: Bir geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. (Master’s https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi. Çukurova University, Adana). Retrieved from
43. Santrock, J. W. (2012). Ergenlik (D. M. Siyez, Trans, Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık.
44. Slater, M. D. (2003). Alienation, aggression, and sensation seeking as predictors of adolescent use of violent film, computer, and website content. Journal of Communication, 53(1), 105-121.
45. Slater, M. D., Henry, K. L., Swaim, R. C., & Cardador, J. M. (2004). vulnerable teens, vulnerable times how sensation seeking, alienation, and victimization moderate the violent media content–aggressiveness relation. Communication Research, 31(6), 642-668.
46. Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G. A., Russel, F. S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The Trait Anger Scale. In. J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in Personality Assessment (Vol. 2) (pp. 159-187). Hillsdale, N J: Lea.
47. Stadler, C., Feifel, J., Rohrmann, S., Vermeiren, R., & Poustka, F. (2010). Peer-victimization and mental health problems in adolescents: Are parental and school support protective? Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(4), 371-386.
48. Sullivan, T. N., Farrell, A. D., & Kliewer, W. (2006). Peer victimization in early adolescence: Association between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors among urban middle school students. Development and Psychopathology, 18(01), 119-137.
49. Şirvanlı-Özen D. (2010). The relationship between the adolescent’s exposure to peer bullying and their sex, age and internal problem behaviors. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17(1), 5-12.
50. Thomas, S., & Smith, H. (2004). School connectedness, anger behaviors, and relationships of violent and nonviolent American youth. Early Education and Development, 10(7), 207- 215.
51. Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Seguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelaco, P. D., Boivin, M.,…Japel, C. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: Trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics, 114, 43-50.
52. Williams, K. D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: Guilford Press.
53. Yalçın, E. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin saldırganlık düzeyinin ebeveyn kabul red algısı ve demografik değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Master’s thesis, Gazi University, Ankara). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi.
54. Yüksek, D. A., & Solakoğlu, O. (2016). The relative influence of parental attachment, peer attachment, school attachment, and school alienation on delinquency among high school students in Turkey. Deviant Behavior, 37(7), 723-747.