Beliren Yetişkinlerde Stres ile Tükenmişlik Arasındaki Doğrudan ve Dolaylı İlişkilerde Psikolojik Sağlamlılığın Aracılık Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı beliren yetişkinlerde algılanan stresin öğrenci tükenmişliğine etkisinde psikolojik sağlamlığın aracılık rolüne sahip olup olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla 309 üniversite öğrencisinden (107 erkek, 202 kadın) veri toplanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Öğrenci Formu, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen ilk bulgulara göre, beliren yetişkinlerde algılanan stres ile öğrenci tükenmişliği arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Bunun yanında, algılanan stres ile psikolojik dayanıklılık ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ile öğrenci tükenmişliği arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Aracılığa ilişkin bulgularda ise, algılanan stresin öğrenci tükenmişliği üzerindeki toplam etkisinin pozitif yönde anlamlı olarak bulunmuştur. Diğer taraftan, algılanan stresin öğrenci tükenmişliği üzerinde, psikolojik sağlamlık aracılığıyla elde edilen, dolaylı etkisinin anlamlı, doğrudan etkisinin ise anlamsız olduğu görülmektedir. Buna göre, psikolojik dayanıklılığın algılanan stres ile öğrenci tükenmişliği arasında tam aracılık rolü üstlendiği söylenebilir. Bulgular literatür ışığında tartışılmış, yorumlanmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stres,tükenmişlik

References

1. Akbağ, M., Sayıner, B., & Sözen, D. (2005). Üniversite öğrencilerinde stres düzeyi, denetim odağı ve depresyon düzeyi arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir inceleme. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 21, 59-74
2. Al-Dubai, S. A. R., & Rampal, K. G. (2009). Prevalence and associated factors of burnout among doctors in Yemen. Journal of occupational health, 0911040104-0911040104.
3. Azeem, S. M. (2010). Personality hardiness, job involvement and job burnout among teachers. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 2(3), 36-40.
4. Balogun, J. A., Helgemoe, S., Pellegrini, E., & Hoeberlein, T. (1996). Academic performance is not a viable determinant of physical therapy students’burnout. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 21-22
5. Bartone, P.T. (2000). Hardiness as a resiliency factor for United States Forces in the Gulf War. In J.M. Violanti, D. Paton, & C. Dunning (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues, and perspectives (pp. 115–133). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas
6. Bitmiş, M. G., Sökmen, A. ve Turgut, H. (2014). Psikolojik dayanıklılığın tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: Örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracılık rolü. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 27-40.
7. Bitmiş, M. G., Sökmen, A., & Turgut, H. (2014). Psikolojik dayanıklılığın tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracılık rolü. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 27-40.
8. Blase. J. J. ( 1992). A social-psychological grounded theory of teacher stress and burnout. Educutional Administration Quurterly, 93-1 13.

9. Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28.
10. Boyle, A., Grap, M. J., Younger, J. ve Thomby, D. (1991). Personality hardiness, ways of coping, social support and burnout in critical care nurses. Journal of advanced Nursing, 16(7), 850-857.
11. Brooks, R. B. (1994) Children at risk: Fostering resilience and hope. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 545-553.
12. Brown, C., & O'brien, K. M. (1998). Understanding stress and burnout in shelter workers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(4), 383.
13. Callahan, C. D. (2000). Stress, coping and personality hardiness in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Rehabilitation Psychology, 45 (1), 38-48.
14. Chickering, A., and Havighurst, R. (1988). The life cycle. In Chickering, A., and Associates (Eds.), The Modem American College. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
15. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. ve Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
16. Collins, M. A. (1996). The relation of work stress, hardiness, and burnout among full-time hospital staff nurses. Journal of nursing staff development: JNSD, 12(2), 81-85.
17. Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
18. Cüceloğlu, D. (1993). İnsan ve davranışı. Remzi Kitabevi: İstanbul
19. Çakmak, Ö. ve Hevedanlı, M. (2005). Eğitim ve fen-edebiyat fakülteleri biyoloji bölümü öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(14), 115–127.
20. Çapri, B., Gündüz, B. ve Gökçakan, Z. (2011). Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Öğrenci Formu (MTE-ÖF)’nun Türkçe’ye Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40 (1),134-147
21. Çelik, M., Sanberk, İ., & Deveci, F. (2017). Öğretmen adaylarının yaşam doyumlarının yordayıcısı olarak psikolojik dayanıklılık ve umutsuzluk. İlköğretim Online, 16(2), 654-662.
22. Çetin, F. ve Basım, N. (2011). Psikolojik dayanıklılığın iş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık tutumlarındaki rolü. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(3), 79-94.
23. Durak, M. (2002). Predictive role of hardiness on psychological symptomatology of university students experienced earthquake (Unpublished master thesis). The Middle East Technical University, Ankara
24. enrolment programs in Taiwan’s technical-vocational colleges. International Journal of Educational Development, 24, 283-301.
25. Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New Symposium Journal, 51 (3), 132-140.
26. Etzion, D. (1984). Moderating effect of social support on the stress–burnout relationship. Journal of applied psychology, 69(4), 615.
27. Gadzella, B. (2004) College Students Assess their Stressors and Reactions to Stressors. Paper Presented at Texas A&M University Assessment Conference, TX.
28. Garmezy N (1993) Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56:127-136.
29. Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience in children’s adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatrics, 20, 459-466.
30. Garrosa, E., Moreno-Jimenez, B., Liang, Y., & Gonzalez, J. L. (2008). The relationship between socio-demographic variables, job stressors, burnout, and hardy personality in nurses: An exploratory study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(3), 418-427.
31. Gentry, W. D., & Kobasa, S. C. (1984). Social and psychological resources mediating stress-illness relationships in humans. In W. D. Gentry (Eds.), Handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 87- 116). New York: Guilford.
32. Graham, J., Potts, H. W. W., & Ramirez, A. J. (2002). Stress and burnout in doctors. The Lancet, 360(9349), 1975-1976.
33. Haase, J. E. (2004) The Adolescent Resilience Model as a Guide to Interventions. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 21, 289-299.
34. Hamaideh, S. H. (2012). Gender differences in stressors and reactions to stressors among Jordanian university students. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(1), 26-33.
35. Hannigan, B., Edwards, D., & Burnard, P. (2004). Stress and stress management in clinical psychology: Findings from a systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 13(3), 235-245.
36. Hao, S., Hong, W., Xu, H., Zhou, L. ve Xie, Z. (2015). Relationship between resilience, stress and burnout among civil servants in Beijing, China: Mediating and moderating effect analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 65-71.
37. Hawley, D. R. ve DeHaan, L. (1996). Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life-span and family perspectives. Fam Process, 35, 283-298.
38. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420.
39. Hayes, B., Douglas, C., & Bonner, A. (2015). Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(5), 588-598.
40. Hiebert, B., & Farber. I. (1984). Teacher stress: A literature survey with a few surprises. Cunadian Journul of Education, 9, 14-27.
41. Hobfoll, S. E., & Shirom, A. (2000). Conservation of resources theory: applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R. T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (2nd ed., pp. 57–81). New York: Dekker.
42. Hsieh, Y. M., & Hsieh, A. T. (2003). Does job standardization increase job burnout? International Journal of Manpower, 24(5), 590-615.
43. Hu, Q. ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventorystudent survey in China. Psychological Reports, 105, 394-408.
44. Hudd, S., Dumlao, J. and Erdman, S. (2000). Stress college: Effects on health habits, health status and self-esteem. College Student Journal 34, 217–227.
45. Hunter, A. J. (2001). A cross-cultural comparison of resilience in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 16, 172-179.
46. Hystad, S. W., Eid, J., Laberg, J. C., Johnsen, B. H., & Bartone, P. T. (2009). Academic stress and health: Exploring the moderating role of personality hardiness. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 53(5), 421-429.
47. Kaba, İ., & Keklik, İ. (2016). Öğrencilerin üniversite yaşamına uyumlarında psikolojik dayanıklılık ve psikolojik belirtiler. The Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 98-111.
48. Kanbur, E., Kanbur, A., & Özdemir, B. (2017). Psikolojik dayanıklılık ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı arasındaki ilişkide iş doyumunun aracılık rolü: Havacılık sektöründe bir araştırma. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 4(2), 127-141.
49. Kang, J. S., & Lim, J. Y. (2015). Effects of clinical nurses' resilience on job stress and burnout. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15(11), 263-273.
50. Karacaoğlu, K., & Köktaş, G. (2016). Psikolojik dayanıklılık ve psikolojik iyi olma ilişkisinde iyimserliğin aracı rolü: Hastane çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 3(2), 119-127.
51. Kobasa, S. C, Maddi, S. R. ve Puccetti, M.C. (1982). Personality and exercise as buffers in the stress-illness relationship. J. Behav. Med., 5: 391-404.
52. Kobasa, S. C., and Maddi, S. R. (1977). Existential personality theory. In Corsini, R. J. (ed.), Current Personality Theories, Peacock, Itasca, IL.
53. Kobasa, S. C., and Puccetti, M. C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress resistance. J. Person. Soc. Psychol, 45, 839–850.
54. Kobasa, S., Maddi, S. R. ve Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177.
55. Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J. Personality Social Psychology, 37, 1-11.
56. Kokkinos, C. M. (2007). Job stressors, personality and burnout in primary school teachers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(1), 229-243.
57. Kop, N., Euwema, M., & Schaufeli, W. (1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behavior among Dutch police. Work and Stress, 13, 326–340.
58. Lazarus, A.A. (1985). Setting the record straight. American Psychologist, 40(12), 1418-1419.
59. Lazarus, R. and Cohen, J. (1977) Environmental Stress. In I. Altman and J.F. Wohlwill (eds) Human behavior and environment (Volume 2). New York: Plenum
60. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
61. Lebares, C. C., Guvva, E. V., Ascher, N. L., O'Sullivan, P. S., Harris, H. W., & Epel, E. S. (2018). Burnout and stress among US surgery residents: Psychological distress and resilience. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 226(1), 80-90.
62. Leiter, M.P., & Maslach, C. (1998). Burnout. In H.S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (Vol. 1, pp. 347–357). New York: Academic Press.
63. Li, X., Kan, D., Liu, L., Shi, M., Wang, Y., Yang, X., Wnag, J., Wang, L. ve Wu, H. (2015). The mediating role of psychological capital on the association between occupational stress and job burnout among bank employees in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(3), 2984-3001.
64. Luthar, S. S. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
65. Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001). Personal Views Survey III-R:Test development and internet instruction manual. Irvine, CA: Hardiness Institute.
66. Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu, J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006). The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression, innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. Journal of Personality, 74(2), 575-598.
67. Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Harvey, R., Lu, J., & Persico, M. (2001). The personality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with comprehensive tests of personality and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality,36,72–85.
68. Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Persico, M., Harvey, R. ve Bleecker, F. (2002). The personality construct of hardiness. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72-85.
69. Maddi, S. R., ve Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(2), 265-274
70. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
71. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Burnout in organizational settings. Applied Social Psychology Annual: Applications in Organizational Settings, 5, 133-153.
72. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
73. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
74. McCranie, E. W., Lambert, V. A., & Lambert, C. E. (1987). Work stress, hardiness, and burnout among hospital staff nurses. Nursing Research. 33(6):374-378. Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1-11.
75. Otrar, M., Ekşi, H., Dilmaç, B., & Şirin, A. (2002). Türkiye’de öğrenim gören Türk ve akraba topluluk öğrencilerinin stres kaynakları, başa çıkma tarzları ile ruh sağlığı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 477-499.
76. Oyeleye, O., Hanson, P., O’connor, N., & Dunn, D. (2013). Relationship of workplace incivility, stress, and burnout on nurses’ turnover intentions and psychological empowerment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(10), 536-542.
77. Pearlin, L. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health Social Behaviour, 30, 241-256. Pines, A. M. (2005). The Burnout Measure Short Version (BMS). International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78-88.
78. Pines, A. M., & Keinan, G. (2005). Stress and burnout: The significant difference. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 625-635.
79. Pines, A., & Aronson, E. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. New York: Free Press.
80. Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2004). Coping resources and athlete burnout: An examination of stress mediated and moderation hypotheses. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(4), 525-541.
81. Rey, L., Extremera, N., & Pena, M. (2016). Emotional competence relating to perceived stress and burnout in Spanish teachers: a mediator model. Peer-Reviewed Brain and Cognition, 4, 1-14.
82. Rich, V. L., & Rich, A. R. (1987). Personality hardiness and burnout in female staff nurses. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(2), 63-66.
83. Ross, R. R., Altmaier, E. M., & Russell, D. W. (1989). Job stress, social support, and burnout among counseling center staff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(4), 464.
84. Rowe, M. M. (2000). Skills training in the long-term management of stress and occupational burnout. Current Psychology, 19(3), 215-228.
85. Sakarya, D., & Güneş, C. (2013). Van depremi sonrasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ilişkisi. Kriz Dergisi, 21(1), 25-32.
86. Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study & practice: a critical analysis. London: Taylor and Francis.
87. Schaufeli, W. B., & Greenglass, E. R. (2001). Introduction to special issue on burnout and health. Psychology and Health, 16, 501–510.
88. Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464-481.
89. Schmitz, N., Neumann, W., & Oppermann, R. (2000). Stress, burnout and locus of control in German nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 37(2), 95-99.
90. Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self‐efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Posychology, 57, 152-171.
91. Shirom, A. (2003). Job related burnout: a review. In Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology.
92. Sinclair, R. R. ve Tetrick, L. E. (2000). Implications of ıtem wording for hardiness structure, relation with neuroticism, and stress buffering. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 1-25
93. Smith J, Prior M (1994) Temperament and Stress Resilience in School-age Children: A Within-families Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 34,168-179.
94. Soderstrom, M., Dolbier, C., Leiferman, J., & Steinhardt, M. (2000). The relationship of hardiness, coping strategies, and perceived stress to symptoms of illness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23(3), 311-328.
95. Struthers, C., Perry, R. and Menec, V. (2000) An Examination of the Relationship among Academic Stress, Coping, Motivation and Performance in College. Research in Higher Education 41, 581-592.
96. Sutherland, V. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1990). Understanding stress: a psychological perspective for health professionals. London: Chapman and Hall.
97. Topf, M. (1989). Personality hardiness, occupational stress, and burnout in critical care nurses. Research in Nursing & Health, 12(3), 179-186.
98. Towbes, L. and Cohen, L. (1996). Chronic Stress in the Lives of College Students: Scale Development and Prospective Prediction of Distress. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 25, 199–217.
99. Ülker Tümlü, G., & Recepoğlu, E. (2013). Üniversite Akademik Personelinin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki. Journal of Higher Education & Science/Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(3).
100. Wagaman, M. A., Geiger, J. M., Shockley, C., & Segal, E. A. (2015). The role of empathy in burnout, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 60(3), 201-209.
101. Wagnild, G. (2003). Resilience and successful aging: Comparison among low and high income older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29(12), 42-49.
102. Werner, E. E. (1993) Risk, Resilience and Recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Dev Psychopathol, 5:503-515.
103. Werner, E. E. ve Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience and recovery. New York: Cornell University Press
104. Westman, M. (1990). The relationship between stress and performance: The moderating effect of hardiness. Human Performance, 3(3), 141-155.
105. Woodhead, E. L., Northrop, L., & Edelstein, B. (2016). Stress, social support, and burnout among long-term care nursing staff. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35(1), 84-105.
106. Yang, H. J. (2004). Factors affecting student burnout and academic achievement in multiple enrollment programs in Taiwan’s technical–vocational colleges. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(3), 283-301.
107. Yang, H. J., & Farn, C. K. (2005). An investigation the factors affecting MIS student burnout in technical-vocational college. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 917-932.
108. Yerlikaya, E. E. ve İnanç, B. (2007). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçe çevirisinin psikometrik özellikleri. İzmir: IX. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi.
109. Yoon, G. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2010). Influences of job stress and burnout on turnover intention of nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration, 16(4), 507-516.
110. Yu, M. C., Lin, C. C., & Hsu, S. Y. (2009). Stressors and burnout: The role of employee assistance programs and self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: An Jnternational journal, 37(3), 365-377.
111. Yu, X., Wang, P., Zhai, X., Dai, H., & Yang, Q. (2015). The effect of work stress on job burnout among teachers: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Social Indicators Research, 122(3), 701-708.