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PASSIVE METHODS WITH PRACTICAL EXAMPLES IN BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS: DEFAULT AND CONTEXTUAL EFFECT

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 149 - 167, 01.07.2019

Abstract

In this article, methods of behavioral economics are introduced. Passive methods involve the attitudes of individuals to problems based on system 1. It is divided default and context effect. The default implemented with opt-out, status quo, auto-registration methods answers the question of what happens when a person does nothing. The context effect reflects the solution of the person's problem by associating them with an answer from the environment. Social approval, anchoring, mental short cuts, compromise and halo effect are contextual methods. It is important that the the choice architecture is to construct the nudge of the habit to be desired. The nudge brings to mind the desired work, converts it into automatic behavior, and should be a trigger for discomfort if not performed. These methods help the behavioral economist to construct the nudge.

References

  • Ariely, D. Predictably Irrational, Harper Perennial. 2012.
  • Baker, H. K., Nofsinger, John R. John Wiley & Sons. Behavioral Finance (2010).
  • Banerjee, A. “Quarterly Journal of Economics”, A simple model of herd behavior. 1992. 107, 797-817.
  • Bikhchandi, S., Hirschleifer, D., & Welch, I. A Theory Of Fads, Fashion, Custom And Cultural Change As Informational Cascades. Journal of Political Econom. 1992,100, 992-1026.
  • Damasio, Hanna & J. Grabowski, Thomas &Tranel, Daniel & D. Hichwa, Richard & R. Damasio, Antonio. A Neural Basisfor Lexical Retrieval. Nature. 1996. 380. 499-505.
  • Johnson, E. J., &Goldstein, D. Do Defaults Save Lives? Science, 2003. 302 (5649 ), 1338–1339.
  • Kahneman, D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2013.
  • Madrian, B. C., & Shea, D. F. The Power Of Suggestion: Inertia İn 401 (K) Participation And Savings Behavior. TheQuarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 2001. 1149–1187.
  • Marti J, Sindelar J. Smaller Cigarette Pack as a Commitment to Smoke Less? Insights From Behavioral Economics. PLoS ONE, 2015. 10(9).
  • Newell, A., SimonH. A. Human Problem Solving. Echo Point Booksand Media. 1972. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports On Mental Processes”, Psychological Review,1977. 84(3), 231-259.
  • Samuelson, W, Zeckhauser, R. “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making. Joumal of Risk and Uncertainty 1”, 1988. 7-59.
  • Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R.B., Goldstein, H.J. and Griskevicius, V. “The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms”, Psychological Science, 2007. 8, 5.
  • Schwarz, N. Metacognitive Experiences in Consumer Judgment and Decision Making. Journal Of Consumer Psychology, 2004. 14(4), 332–348.
  • Shih, M. Pittinsky, T. L., Ambady, N. 1999. Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance. Psychological Science 10(1):80-83.
  • Simonson, I. Choice Based on Reasons: The Case of Attraction and Compromise Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 1989.16(2), 158–174.
  • Strack, F., Martin, L. and Schwartz, N. Priming And Communication: Social Determinants Of Information Use In Judgments Of Life Satisfaction. European Journal of Social Psychology. October/November.1986.
  • Thalerand Sunstein. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Yale UniversityPress). 2008.
  • Tversky, A., &Kahneman, D. Udgmentunderun Certainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1974. 1124–1131.
  • A. Tversky, D. Kahneman. Loss Aversion in RisklessChoice: A Reference-Dependent Model.Q. J. Econ. 1991. 106(4), 1039 (Shih, et.,al., 1999).
  • Shu, L. L., Mazar, N., Gino, F., Ariely, D., &Bazerman, M. H. Signing At The Beginning Makes Ethics Salient And Decreases Dishonest Self-Reports İn Comparison To Signing At The End. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012. 109(38), 15197–15200.
  • Strack, F., Martin, L. andSchwartz, N. Priming and Communication: Social Determinants of Information Use in Judgments of Life Satisfaction. European Journal of Social Psychology. October/November. 1986.

DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 149 - 167, 01.07.2019

Abstract

Bu makalede davranışsal iktisadın yöntemleri tanıtılmaktadır. Pasif yöntemler kişilerin sistem 1’de kalarak çetrefilli sorunlara karşı geliştirdikleri tutumları içermektedir. Başlangıç ayarı ve bağlam etkisi olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Başlangıç ayarı opt-out, statüko meyli, otomatik kayıt yöntemleriyle uygulanmakta ve kişinin hiçbir şey yapmadığında ne olacağının sorusuna cevap vermektedir. Bağlam etkisi ise kişinin karşılaştıkları soruna karşı ortamdan aldığı bir cevapla ilişkilendirerek çözüm üretmesini yansıtmaktadır. Sosyal onama, çıpalama, zihinsel kısa yollar, uyuşma ve halo etkisi bağlamsal yöntemlerdir. Seçim mimarisinde kişinin kazanılması istenen alışkanlığının dürtüsünü doğru kurgulaması önemlidir. Dürtü arzu edilen işi aklına getirmekte, otomatik davranış haline dönüştürmekte, yapmadığı takdirde rahatsızlık hissettirmekte bir tetikleyici olmalıdır. Bu yöntemler dürtüyü kurgulamakta davranışsal iktisatçıya yardımcı olmaktadır.

References

  • Ariely, D. Predictably Irrational, Harper Perennial. 2012.
  • Baker, H. K., Nofsinger, John R. John Wiley & Sons. Behavioral Finance (2010).
  • Banerjee, A. “Quarterly Journal of Economics”, A simple model of herd behavior. 1992. 107, 797-817.
  • Bikhchandi, S., Hirschleifer, D., & Welch, I. A Theory Of Fads, Fashion, Custom And Cultural Change As Informational Cascades. Journal of Political Econom. 1992,100, 992-1026.
  • Damasio, Hanna & J. Grabowski, Thomas &Tranel, Daniel & D. Hichwa, Richard & R. Damasio, Antonio. A Neural Basisfor Lexical Retrieval. Nature. 1996. 380. 499-505.
  • Johnson, E. J., &Goldstein, D. Do Defaults Save Lives? Science, 2003. 302 (5649 ), 1338–1339.
  • Kahneman, D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2013.
  • Madrian, B. C., & Shea, D. F. The Power Of Suggestion: Inertia İn 401 (K) Participation And Savings Behavior. TheQuarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 2001. 1149–1187.
  • Marti J, Sindelar J. Smaller Cigarette Pack as a Commitment to Smoke Less? Insights From Behavioral Economics. PLoS ONE, 2015. 10(9).
  • Newell, A., SimonH. A. Human Problem Solving. Echo Point Booksand Media. 1972. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). “Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports On Mental Processes”, Psychological Review,1977. 84(3), 231-259.
  • Samuelson, W, Zeckhauser, R. “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making. Joumal of Risk and Uncertainty 1”, 1988. 7-59.
  • Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R.B., Goldstein, H.J. and Griskevicius, V. “The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms”, Psychological Science, 2007. 8, 5.
  • Schwarz, N. Metacognitive Experiences in Consumer Judgment and Decision Making. Journal Of Consumer Psychology, 2004. 14(4), 332–348.
  • Shih, M. Pittinsky, T. L., Ambady, N. 1999. Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance. Psychological Science 10(1):80-83.
  • Simonson, I. Choice Based on Reasons: The Case of Attraction and Compromise Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 1989.16(2), 158–174.
  • Strack, F., Martin, L. and Schwartz, N. Priming And Communication: Social Determinants Of Information Use In Judgments Of Life Satisfaction. European Journal of Social Psychology. October/November.1986.
  • Thalerand Sunstein. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (Yale UniversityPress). 2008.
  • Tversky, A., &Kahneman, D. Udgmentunderun Certainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1974. 1124–1131.
  • A. Tversky, D. Kahneman. Loss Aversion in RisklessChoice: A Reference-Dependent Model.Q. J. Econ. 1991. 106(4), 1039 (Shih, et.,al., 1999).
  • Shu, L. L., Mazar, N., Gino, F., Ariely, D., &Bazerman, M. H. Signing At The Beginning Makes Ethics Salient And Decreases Dishonest Self-Reports İn Comparison To Signing At The End. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012. 109(38), 15197–15200.
  • Strack, F., Martin, L. andSchwartz, N. Priming and Communication: Social Determinants of Information Use in Judgments of Life Satisfaction. European Journal of Social Psychology. October/November. 1986.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Şeref Akın This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akın, M. Ş. (2019). DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 149-167.
AMA Akın MŞ. DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi. July 2019;11(2):149-167.
Chicago Akın, Mustafa Şeref. “DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 2 (July 2019): 149-67.
EndNote Akın MŞ (July 1, 2019) DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi 11 2 149–167.
IEEE M. Ş. Akın, “DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ”, Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 149–167, 2019.
ISNAD Akın, Mustafa Şeref. “DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi 11/2 (July 2019), 149-167.
JAMA Akın MŞ. DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;11:149–167.
MLA Akın, Mustafa Şeref. “DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ”. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, 2019, pp. 149-67.
Vancouver Akın MŞ. DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSATTA UYGULAMALI ÖRNEKLERLE PASİF METOTLAR: BAŞLANGIÇ AYARI VE BAĞLAM ETKİSİ. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;11(2):149-67.