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FİNANSAL İÇERME DÜZEYİ VE BELİRLEYİCİLERİNE YÖNELİK AMPiRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA: AFGANİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 121 - 147, 30.12.2020

Abstract

Finansal içerme bir toplumdaki tüm bireylerin özellikle yoksul ve mahrum olan grupların finansal hizmetlere erişimini ve bu hizmetleri kullanma kolaylıklarını sağlayan bir süreçtir. Finansal içerme ekonomik kalkınma, finansal istikrar ve diğer ekonomik değişkenler üzerinde etkili olduğu için, son zamanlarda araştırmaların ve politikaların odaklandığı konulardan biri olmuştur. Bu araştırmayla, Afganistan’daki finansal içerme mevcut durumunun incelenmesi ve finansal içerme düzeyi belirleyicilerinin anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmada birincil veriler online anket yöntemi uygulanarak Afganistan’da yaşayan 411 yetişkin bireyden elde edilmiştir. Elde edilmiş verileri analize etmek için tanımlayıcı analiz metodu ve Probit regresyondan yararlanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı analiz sonucu olarak; Afganistan'da finansal içerme ana ve temel göstergesi olan hesap sahipliği oranı % 31.6’dır. Hesaba sahip olan bireyler hesaplarını para depoları olarak kullanıp, diğer finansal ve bankacılık hizmetlerden (kredi kart, mobil ve internet bankacılık ve sigorta vb. gibi) yararlanma düzeyi çok düşüktür. Ankete katılan bireylerin % 68.4’ünün resmi bir finansal kurumda hesabı bulunmamaktadır. Afganistan’da finansal olarak dışlanmış bireyler en çok işsiz, kendi işleteme/serbest mesleğine sahip olanlar, düşük eğitim düzeyine sahip bireyler, yoksullar ve kadınlardır. Afganistan’da finansal dışlanma nedenleri hem gönüllü olarak hem de piyasa yetersizliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu ülkede resmi bir finansal kurumdan borç alma ve bir resmi hesabı kullanarak tasarruf etme yöntemi diğer yöntemlere göre düşük düzeydedir. Probit Regresyon sonucu olarak; Afganistan’da bireylerin cinsiyeti ve yaşı finansal içerme ana göstergeleri ile anlamlı ilişkili değildir. Bireylerin gelir düzeyi ve eğitim düzeyi hesap sahipliği oranı ve resmi tasarruf eden bireylerin oranını pozitif ve anlamlı bir şekilde etkileyip resmi kredileri anlamlı bir şekilde etkilememiştir. Bireylerin eğitim düzeyi finansal içerme en etkileyici faktörlerindendir.

References

  • Accion International, Center for Financial Inclusion. (2009). Financial Inclusion: What's the Vision? In. Boston, MA: Center for Financial Inclusion. https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/financial-inclusion-whats-the-vision.pdf
  • Al-Smadi, M. O. (2018). The role of financial inclusion in financial stability: lesson from Jordan. Banks and Bank Systems, 13(4), 31.
  • Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Peria, M. S. M. (2012). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts: The World Bank.
  • Alp, A. (2007). İstatistiksel çalışmalarda probit analizi ve uygulama alanları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,. Dicle Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • Arun, T., & Kamath, R. (2015). Financial inclusion: Policies and practices. IIMB Management Review, 27(4), 267-287.
  • Barrett, P., Gitton, P., & Talishli, F. (2017). Financial Inclusion And Access In Afghanistan. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, (No. 17/378 ). International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C.
  • Chibba, M. (2009). Financial inclusion, poverty reduction and the millennium development goals. The European Journal of Development Research, 21(2), 213-230.
  • Da Afghanistan Bank. (2019). National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2020-2024. Da Afghanistan Bank (Central Bank), Kabul, Afganistan.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2012). Measuring financial inclusion: The global findex database: The World Bank.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution: The World Bank.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). The global findex database 2014: Measuring financial inclusion around the world: The World Bank.
  • Fungáčová, Z., & Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34, 196-206.
  • Kabakova, O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion: Ecosystem view. Journal of business Research, 89, 198-205. Karakus, R. (2020). Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılma Düzeyi ve Belirleyicileri. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 147-160.
  • Nandru, P., Byram, A., & Rentala, S. (2016). Determinants of financial inclusion: Evidence from account ownership and use of banking services. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development Studies, 4(2), 141-155.
  • Nasr, A. T. (2017). The Interplay of Credit, Savings, and Vulnerability: A Study of Financial Inclusion in Kenya. Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.
  • Özşuca, E. A. (2019). FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN TURKEY: EVIDENCE FROM INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DATA. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(No. 4), 1377 – 1400. doi:10.33630/ausbf.614032
  • Ramakrishna, S., & Trivedi, P. (2018). What Determines the Success of Financial Inclusion? An Empirical Analysis of Demand Side Factors. Review of Economics & Finance, 14, 98-112.
  • Rostom, A. M. T. (2018). Afghanistan-Modernizing Afghan State-Owned Banks Project. The World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/570651518168785138/pdf/Afghanistan-Modernizing-Afghan-State-Owned-Banks-Project.pdf
  • Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of international development, 23(5), 613-628.
  • Schreiber-Gregory, D. (2018). Logistic and Linear Regression Assumptions: Violation Recognition and Control. Henry M Jackson Foundation.
  • Swamy, V. (2014). Financial inclusion, gender dimension, and economic impact on poor households. World Development, 56, 1-15.
  • Terzi, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and Turkey. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1 S2), 269.
  • Tuesta, D., Sorensen, G., Haring, A., & Cámara, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and its determinants: the Argentine case. BBVA. Research Paper(15/03), 1-28.
  • World Bank. (2017). M-money channel distribution case : Afghanistan - Roshan m-paisa Retrieved from Washington, D.C.: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/123191500276218363/M-money-channel-distribution-case-Afghanistan-Roshan-m-paisa

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND ITS DETERMINANTS: THE CASE OF AFGHANISTAN

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 121 - 147, 30.12.2020

Abstract

Financial inclusion is a process that ensures the ease of access and usage of financial services to all individuals in a society. Since the financial inclusion affects financial stability and economic variables in a country, it has recently been a focus of researches and policies. In this study, we attempt to evaluate the current status of financial inclusion and understand its determinants in Afghanistan. The data was obtained through online questionnaires from 411 persons, and analyzed using descriptive analysis method and Probit regression. As descriptive analysis result; the percentage of account ownership, which is the main and first indicator of financial inclusion, is 31.6% in Afghanistan. Accounts holders use their accounts more as money depository and the level of benefiting from other financial and banking services is very low. And the remaining 68.4% of the respondents are financial excluded. Financially excluded individuals in Afghanistan are mostly unemployed, self-employed, low educated individuals, poor people and women. The reasons for financial exclusion in Afghanistan are both voluntary and involuntary factors. The method of borrowing from a financial institution and saving by using a formal account is low compared to other methods. According to Probit regression; individuals’ gender and age are not significantly associated with the main indicators of financial inclusion. Individuals' income and education level positively and significantly affected account ownership and formal saving, and did not significantly affect the formal borrowing. Education level of individuals is one of the most influential factors of financial inclusion in Afghanistan.

References

  • Accion International, Center for Financial Inclusion. (2009). Financial Inclusion: What's the Vision? In. Boston, MA: Center for Financial Inclusion. https://centerforfinancialinclusionblog.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/financial-inclusion-whats-the-vision.pdf
  • Al-Smadi, M. O. (2018). The role of financial inclusion in financial stability: lesson from Jordan. Banks and Bank Systems, 13(4), 31.
  • Allen, F., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Peria, M. S. M. (2012). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts: The World Bank.
  • Alp, A. (2007). İstatistiksel çalışmalarda probit analizi ve uygulama alanları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,. Dicle Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • Arun, T., & Kamath, R. (2015). Financial inclusion: Policies and practices. IIMB Management Review, 27(4), 267-287.
  • Barrett, P., Gitton, P., & Talishli, F. (2017). Financial Inclusion And Access In Afghanistan. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, (No. 17/378 ). International Monetary Fund Washington, D.C.
  • Chibba, M. (2009). Financial inclusion, poverty reduction and the millennium development goals. The European Journal of Development Research, 21(2), 213-230.
  • Da Afghanistan Bank. (2019). National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2020-2024. Da Afghanistan Bank (Central Bank), Kabul, Afganistan.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2012). Measuring financial inclusion: The global findex database: The World Bank.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S., & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring financial inclusion and the fintech revolution: The World Bank.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). The global findex database 2014: Measuring financial inclusion around the world: The World Bank.
  • Fungáčová, Z., & Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. China Economic Review, 34, 196-206.
  • Kabakova, O., & Plaksenkov, E. (2018). Analysis of factors affecting financial inclusion: Ecosystem view. Journal of business Research, 89, 198-205. Karakus, R. (2020). Türkiye’de Finansal Tabana Yayılma Düzeyi ve Belirleyicileri. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 147-160.
  • Nandru, P., Byram, A., & Rentala, S. (2016). Determinants of financial inclusion: Evidence from account ownership and use of banking services. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development Studies, 4(2), 141-155.
  • Nasr, A. T. (2017). The Interplay of Credit, Savings, and Vulnerability: A Study of Financial Inclusion in Kenya. Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.
  • Özşuca, E. A. (2019). FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN TURKEY: EVIDENCE FROM INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DATA. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 74(No. 4), 1377 – 1400. doi:10.33630/ausbf.614032
  • Ramakrishna, S., & Trivedi, P. (2018). What Determines the Success of Financial Inclusion? An Empirical Analysis of Demand Side Factors. Review of Economics & Finance, 14, 98-112.
  • Rostom, A. M. T. (2018). Afghanistan-Modernizing Afghan State-Owned Banks Project. The World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/570651518168785138/pdf/Afghanistan-Modernizing-Afghan-State-Owned-Banks-Project.pdf
  • Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of international development, 23(5), 613-628.
  • Schreiber-Gregory, D. (2018). Logistic and Linear Regression Assumptions: Violation Recognition and Control. Henry M Jackson Foundation.
  • Swamy, V. (2014). Financial inclusion, gender dimension, and economic impact on poor households. World Development, 56, 1-15.
  • Terzi, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and Turkey. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 4(1 S2), 269.
  • Tuesta, D., Sorensen, G., Haring, A., & Cámara, N. (2015). Financial inclusion and its determinants: the Argentine case. BBVA. Research Paper(15/03), 1-28.
  • World Bank. (2017). M-money channel distribution case : Afghanistan - Roshan m-paisa Retrieved from Washington, D.C.: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/123191500276218363/M-money-channel-distribution-case-Afghanistan-Roshan-m-paisa
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance, Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdul Musawer Rahimyar 0000-0003-0408-6414

Suna Akten Çürük 0000-0001-5887-4905

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Rahimyar, A. M., & Akten Çürük, S. (2020). FİNANSAL İÇERME DÜZEYİ VE BELİRLEYİCİLERİNE YÖNELİK AMPiRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA: AFGANİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ. Economics Business and Organization Research, 2(2), 121-147.