Inflammation Markers Associated with Metabolic Syndrome

Year 2022, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 24 - 49, 01.10.2022

Emine İncilay Torunoğlu , Gül Fatma Yarım

Abstract

Metabolik Sendromla İlişkili Enflamasyon Belirteçleri

Abstract

Metabolik sendrom, insülin direnci, merkezi ve abdominal obezite, hipertansiyon ve aterojenik dislipidemiyi içeren bir dizi biyokimyasal, metabolic ve klinik anormallikler bütünü olup kronik böbrek hastalığı, aterosklerotik kardiyovasküler hastalık, gut ve obstrüktif uyku apnesi ile güçlü bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Metabolik sendrom, küresel acil sağlık sorunlarının ilk sıralarında yerini korumaktadır. Metabolik sendromun patogenezinde kronik düşük dereceli enflamasyonun ve bağışıklık sisteminin aktivasyonunun rol oynadığı kabul edilmektedir. Obezite varlığında, yağ dokusu, karaciğer, kas ve pankreas başlıca enflamasyon bölgeleridir. Bağışıklık hücreleri, sitokinler ve adipokinler metabolik sendromla ilişkili hayati komplikasyonları tetiklemektedir. Obezite sırasında yükselen sitokinler ve adipokinler insülin direncine neden olarak metabolik sendromun ilerlemesine katkıda bulunmaktadır. Metabolik sendromun tanısında ve prognozunda enflamatuar biyobelirteçlerin dolaşım düzeyleri önem arz etmektedir. Enflamasyonun kontrolü, metabolik sendromla ilgili birçok patolojinin yönetimine destek olmaktadır. Metabolik sendromla ilişkili enflamasyon belirteçleri olan C-reaktif protein, seruloplazmin, fibrinojen, albumin, ferritin, interlökin (IL)-1 alfa, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tümör nekroz faktör-alfa, plazminojen aktivatör inhibitörü-1, omentin, resistin, visfatin, apelin, kemerin, ghrelin, leptin ve adiponektine odaklanan bu derlemede literatür irdelenerek güncel bilgi sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Adipokin, Enflamasyon, Metabolik sendrom, Sitokin

References

• Abdelazeem, A. H., Abuelsaad, A. S., Abdel-Moniem, A., Abdel-Gabbar, M. (2021). Association of metabolic syndrome components with alterations in oxidative stress and cytokines expression. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 15(1), 928-940.
• Achari, A. E., Jain, S. K. (2017). Adiponectin, a therapeutic target for obesity, diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(6), 1321.
• Adeghate E. (2008). Visfatin: structure, function and relation to diabetes mellitus and other dysfunctions. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 15(18):1851-1162.
• Ahmed, M. B., Ismail, M. I., Meki, A. R. (2015). Relation of osteoprotegerin, visfatin and ghrelin to metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. International Journal of Health Sciences, 9(2), 127-39.
• Ajiboye, T. O., Hussaini, A. A., Nafiu, B. Y., Ibitoye, O. B. (2017). Aqueous seed extract of Hunteria umbellata (K. Schum.) Hallier f. (Apocynaceae) palliates hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in high-fructose diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 198, 184-193.
• Aksan, G., İnci, S., Nar, G., Soylu, K., Gedikli, Ö., Yüksel, S., Özdemir, M., Nar, R., Meriç, M., Şahin, M. (2014). Association of serum chemerin levels with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(12), 5461-5468.
• Al-Hamodi, Z. H., Saif-Ali, R., Ismail, I. S., Ahmed, K. A., Muniandy, S. (2012). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with metabolic syndrome parameters in Malaysian subjects. Biochemistry and Nutrition, 50(3), 184-189.
• Altınkaya, S. Ö., Nergiz, S., Küçük, M., Yüksel, H. (2014). Apelin levels in relation with hormonal and metabolic profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 176, 168-172.
• Alzamil, H. (2020). Elevated serum TNF-α is related to obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with glycemic control and insulin resistance. Journal of Obesity, 30, 2020, 5076858.
• Antushevich, H., Wójcik, M. (2018). Apelin in disease. Clinica Chimica Acta, 483, 241-248.
• Auguet, T., Bertran, L., Binetti, J., Aguilar, C., Martínez, S., Sabench, F., Lopez-Dupla JM, Porras JA, Riesco D, Del Castillo, D., Richart, C. (2020). Relationship between IL-8 circulating levels and TLR2 hepatic expression in women with morbid obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11), 4189.
• Bae, J. C., Seo, S. H., Hur, K. Y., Kim, J. H., Lee, M. S., Lee, M. K., Rhee EJ,. Oh, K. W. (2013). Association between serum albumin, insulin resistance, and incident diabetes in nondiabetic subjects. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 28(1), 26-32.
• Bao, P., Liu, G., Wei, Y. (2015). Association between IL-6 and related risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in young rats. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine, 8(8), 13491.
• Barcelos, A. L. V., de Oliveira, E. A., Haute, G. V., Costa, B. P., Pedrazza, L., Donadio, M. V. F., Bodanese, L. C. (2019). Association of IL-10 to coronary disease severity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clinica Chimica Acta, 495, 394-398.
• Barraco, G. M., Luciano, R., Semeraro, M., Prieto-Hontoria, P. L., Manco, M. (2014). Recently discovered adipokines and cardio-metabolic comorbidities in childhood obesity. International journal of molecular sciences, 15(11), 19760-19776.
• Basinska, K., Marycz, K., Śmieszek, A., Nicpoń, J. (2015). The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-α in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Science, 16(1), 113-120.
• Basoglu, O. K., Sarac, F., Sarac, S., Uluer, H., Yilmaz, C. (2011). Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, fibrinogen, homocysteine, leptin, and C-reactive protein in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 6(3), 120-125.
• Bilgili, S., Celebiler, A. C., Dogan, A., Karaca, B. (2008). Inverse relationship between adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in metabolic syndrome patients. Endocrine Regulations, 42(2-3), 63-68.
• Bitto, A., Arcoraci, V., Alibrandi, A., D’Anna, R., Corrado, F., Atteritano, M., Squadrito, F. (2017). Visfatin correlates with hot flashes in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: Effects of genistein. Endocrine, 55(3), 899-906.
• Brito-Luna, M. J., Villanueva-Quintero, D. G., Sandoval-Talamantes, A. K., Fafutis-Morris, M., Graciano-Machuca, O., Sanchez-Hernandez, P. E., Alvarado-Navarro, A. (2016). Correlation of IL-12, IL-22, and IL-23 in patients with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Preliminary report. Cytokine, 85, 130-136.
• Bruun, J. M., Pedersen, S. B., Richelsen, B. (2000). Interleukin-8 production in human adipose tissue. Inhibitory effects of anti-diabetic compounds, the thiazolidinedione ciglitazone and the biguanide metformin. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 32(11/12), 537-541.
• Calcaterra, V., De Amici, M., Klersy, C., Torre, C., Brizzi, V., Scaglia, F., Albanesi M, Albertini R, Allais B, Larizza, D. (2009). Adiponectin, IL-10 and metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis, 80(2), 117-123.
• Cekmez, F., Canpolat, F. E., Pirgon, O., Çetinkaya, M., Aydinoz, S., Suleymanoglu, S., Ipcioglu OM, Sarici, S. U. (2011). Apelin, vaspin, visfatin and adiponectin in large for gestational age infants with insulin resistance. Cytokine, 56(2), 387-391.
• Chang, X., Jiao, Y., Lu, J., Wang, Y., Abudureyimu, K., Zhang, C., Nuermaimaiti, N., Gong, X., Aisa, Y., Guan, Y. (2014). Adiponectin and visfatin may serve as diagnosis markers for metabolic syndrome in Uygur population. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(11), 4322.
• Chen, L. X., Zhang, S. D., Zhu, L. L., Sun, M. (2008). Association of metabolic syndrome with serum interleukin-10 and high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) in old men. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences, 33(10), 970-974.
• Chen, L., Li, Y., Zhang, F., Zhang, S., Zhou, X., Ji, L. (2017). Association of serum ferritin levels with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in a Chinese population. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 31(2), 364-368.
• Chinookoswong, N., Wang, J. L., Shi, Z. Q. (1999). Leptin restores euglycemia and normalizes glucose turnover in insulin-deficient diabetes in the rat. Diabetes, 48(7), 1487-1492.
• Cho, H. M., Kim, H. C., Lee, J. M., Oh, S. M., Choi, D. P., Suh, I. (2012). The association between serum albumin levels and metabolic syndrome in a rural population of Korea. J Prev Med Public Health.;45(2):98-104.
• Choi, K. M., Lee, K. W., Kim, H. Y., Seo, J. A., Kim, S. G., Kim, N. H., Baik, S. H. (2005). Association among serum ferritin, alanine aminotransferase levels, and metabolic syndrome in Korean postmenopausal women. Metabolism, 54(11), 1510-1514.
• Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Caro, J. F. (1996). Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 334(5), 292-295.
• Da Cruz, L. L., Cardoso, L. D., Pala, D., De Paula, H., Lamounier, J. A., Silva, C. A. M., De Freitas, R. N. (2013). Metabolic syndrome components can predict C reactive protein concentration in adolescents. Nutricion hospitalaria, 28(5), 1580-1586.
• Dezayee, Z. M. I., Al-Nimer, M. S. M. (2016). Saliva C-reactive protein as a biomarker of metabolic syndrome in diabetic patients. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 27(4), 388.
• Ding, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, G., Zhang, T., Zhao, M., Ji, X., Xue, F. (2015). A new insight into the role of plasma fibrinogen in the development of metabolic syndrome from a prospective cohort study in urban Han Chinese population. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 7(1), 110.
• Ding, X., Bian, N., Wang, J., Chang, X., An, Y., Wang, G., Liu, J. (2022). Serum ferritin levels are associated with adipose tissue dysfunction-related ındices in obese adults. Biological Trace Element Research, 1-8.
• Dong, M., Xie, T., Chen, X. (2014). Serum chemerin is elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome complicated by degenerative aortic valve disease. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao= Journal of Southern Medical University, 34(5), 651-654.
• Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak, S., Wyszomirska, K., Fatyga, E., Wysocka, E., Muc-Wierzgoń, M. (2021). The role of oxidant-antioxidant markers and resistin in metabolic syndrome elderly individuals. Science Progress, 104(2), 00368504211006510.
• Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., Marfella, R., Nicoletti, G., Giugliano, D. (2003). Association of low interleukin-10 levels with the metabolic syndrome in obese women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(3), 1055-1058.
• Fang, M., Daya, N., Coresh, J., Christenson, R. H., Selvin, E. (2022). Glycated albumin for the diagnosis of diabetes in US adults. Clinical Chemistry, 68(3), 413-421.
• Fatima, S. S., Bozaoglu, K., Rehman, R., Alam, F., Memon, A. S. (2013). Elevated chemerin levels in Pakistani men: an interrelation with metabolic syndrome phenotypes. PloS One, 8(2), e57113.
• Filippatosm, T. D., Derdemezis, C. S., Kiortsis, D. N., Tselepis, A. D., Elisaf, M. S. (2007). Increased plasma levels of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in obese and overweight patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 30(4), 323-326.
• Fittipaldi, A. S., Hernández, J., Castrogiovanni, D., Lufrano, D., De Francesco, P. N., Garrido, V., Perello, M. (2020). Plasma levels of ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and LEAP2 in children with obesity: correlation with age and insulin resistance. European Journal of Endocrinology, 182(2), 165-175.
• Ford, E. S. (2003). The metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and leukocyte count: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis, 168(2), 351-358.
• Forte, G. I., Pilato, G., Vaccarino, L., Sanacore, M., Candore, G., Romano, G. C., Lio, D. (2010). Risk profiles in type 2 diabetes (metabolic syndrome): integration of IL-10 polymorphisms and laboratory parameters to identify vascular damages related complications. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 16(7), 898-903.
• Gad, S. S., Shora, H. A., Abdelwahab, A., Abdou, R. M., Raouf, B. M. A., Elmikaty, H. A., Dahshan, I. D. (2022). Chemerin, IL-18 and IL-1 Beta as Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian Obese Children. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, 6(7), 66-77.
• Garg, M. K., Dutta, M. K., Mahalle, N. (2012). Adipokines (adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhhibitor-1) in metabolic syndrome. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(1), 116.
• Ghanbari, M., Maragheh, S. M., Aghazadeh, A., Mehrjuyan, S. R., Hussen, B. M., Shadbad, M. A., Safaralizadeh, R. (2021). Interleukin-1 in obesity-related low-grade inflammation: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. International Immunopharmacology, 96, 107765.
• Ghareeb, D., Abdelazem, A. S., Hussein, E. M., Al-Karamany, A. S. (2021). Association of TNF-α-308 G> A (rs1800629) polymorphism with susceptibility of metabolic syndrome. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 20(1), 209-215.
• Gils, A., Declerck, P. J. (2004). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Current medicinal chemistry, 11(17), 2323-2334. González‐Jiménez, E., Schmidt‐Riovalle, J., Sinausía, L., Carmen Valenza, M., Perona, J. S. (2016). Predictive value of ceruloplasmin for metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Biofactors, 42(2), 163-170.
• Gradinaru, D., Khaddour, H., Margina, D., Ungurianu, A., Borsa, C., Ionescu, C., Prada GI, Usher J, Elshimali, Y. (2018). Insulin-leptin axis, cardiometabolic risk and oxidative stress in elderly with metabolic syndrome. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 126(07), 445-452.
• Guarner, V., Rubio-Ruiz, M. E. (2015). Low-grade systemic inflammation connects aging, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Aging and Health-a Systems Biology Perspective, 40, 99-106.
• Hämäläinen, P., Saltevo, J., Kautiainen, H., Mäntyselkä, P., Vanhala, M. (2014). Serum ferritin levels and the development of metabolic syndrome and its components: a 6.5-year follow-up study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 6(1), 1-7.
• Han, M. S., White, A., Perry, R. J., Camporez, J. P., Hidalgo, J., Shulman, G. I., Davis, R. J. (2020). Regulation of adipose tissue inflammation by interleukin 6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(6), 2751-2760.
• Hashemi, M., Rezaei, H., Eskandari-Nasab, E., Kaykhaei, M. A., Taheri, M. (2014). Association between the apelin rs2235306 gene polymorphism and metabolic syndrome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 44(5), 775-780.
• Heinonen, M. V., Laaksonen, D. E., Karhu, T., Karhunen, L., Laitinen, T., Kainulainen, S., Herzig, K. H. (2009). Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 19(9), 626-633.
• Hellman, N. E., Gitlin, J. D. (2002). Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function. Annual Review of Nutrition, 22, 439-458.
• Hognogi, L. D. M., Simiti, L. V. (2016). The cardiovascular impact of visfatin-an inflammation predictor biomarker in metabolic syndrome. Clujul Medical, 89(3), 322.
• Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M. J., Golpaie, A., Foroughi, M., Hosseinpanah, F., Zahediasl, S., Azizi, F. (2016). The relationship between visfatin and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 39(8), 917-922.
• Hotta, K., Funahashi, T., Bodkin, N. L., Ortmeyer, H. K., Arita, Y., Hansen, B. C., Matsuzawa, Y. (2001). Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes, 50(5), 1126-1133.
• Huang, J. F., Huang, C. F., Yu, M. L., Dai, C. Y., Huang, C. I., Yeh, M. L., Chuang, W. L. (2011). Serum visfatin is correlated with disease severity and metabolic syndrome in chronic hepatitis C infection. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 26(3), 530-535.
• Iacobellis, G., Iorio, M., Napoli, N., Cotesta, D., Zinnamosca, L., Marinelli, C., Letizia, C. (2011). Relation of adiponectin, visfatin and bone mineral density in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 34(1), e12-e15.
• Ishizaka, N., Ishizaka, Y., Nagai, R., Toda, E. I., Hashimoto, H., Yamakado, M. (2007). Association between serum albumin, carotid atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome in Japanese indi Ishizaka iduals. Atherosclerosis, 193(2), 373-379.
• Jehn, M., Clark, J. M., Guallar, E. (2004). Serum ferritin and risk of the metabolic syndrome in US adults. Diabetes Care, 27(10), 2422-2428.
• Jin, S. M., Hong, Y. J., Jee, J. H., Bae, J. C., Hur, K. Y., Lee, M. K., Kim, J. H. (2016). Change in serum albumin concentration is inversely and independently associated with risk of incident metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 65(11), 1629-1635.
• Jin, Y., He, L., Chen, Y., Fang, Y., Yao, Y. (2015). Association between serum ferritin levels and metabolic syndrome: an updated meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 8(8), 13317.
• Jun, J. E., Lee, S. E., Lee, Y. B., Jee, J. H., Bae, J. C., Jin, S. M., Hur, K. Y., Lee, M. K., Kim, J. H. (2017). Increase in serum albumin concentration is associated with prediabetes development and progression to overt diabetes independently of metabolic syndrome. PloS One, 12(4), e0176209.
• Kamari, Y., Shaish, A., Vax, E., Shemesh, S., Kandel-Kfir, M., Arbel, Y., Harats, D. (2011). Lack of interleukin-1α or interleukin-1β inhibits transformation of steatosis to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Journal of Hepatology, 55(5), 1086-1094.
• Karbek, B., Bozkurt, N. C., Topaloglu, O., Aslan, M. S., Gungunes, A., Cakal, E., Delibasi, T. (2014). Relationship of vaspin and apelin levels with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome. Minerva Endocrinol, 39(2), 99-105.
• Khunger, J. M., Kumar, N., Punia, V. P. S., Malhotra, M. K. (2020). Study of prothrombotic changes in metabolic syndrome. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 36(4), 695-699.
• Kim, C. H., Park, J. Y., Kim, J. Y., Choi, C. S., Kim, Y. I., Chung, Y. E., Lee, K. U. (2002). Elevated serum ceruloplasmin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental, 51(7), 838-842.
• Kim, C. S., Park, H. S., Kawada, T., Kim, J. H., Lim, D., Hubbard, N. E., Yu, R. (2006). Circulating levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 are elevated in human obese subjects and associated with obesity-related parameters. International Journal of Obesity, 30(9), 1347-1355.
• Kodaman, N., Aldrich, M. C., Sobota, R., Asselbergs, F. W., Brown, N. J., Moore, J. H., Williams, S. M. (2016). Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in a West African population. Journal of the American Heart Association, 5(10), e003867.
• Körner, A., Kratzsch, J., Gausche, R., Schaab, M., Erbs, S., Kiess, W. (2007). New predictors of the metabolic syndrome in children-role of adipocytokines. Pediatric Research, 61(6), 640-645.
• Kotani, K., Sakane, N., Saiga, K., Adachi, S., Mu, H., Kurozawa, Y., Kawano, M. (2006). Serum ghrelin and carotid atherosclerosis in older Japanese people with metabolic syndrome. Archives of Medical Research, 37(7), 903-906.
• Kusminski, C. M., Mcternan, P. G., Kumar, S. (2005). Role of resistin in obesity, insulin resistance and Type II diabetes. Clinical Science, 109(3), 243-256.
• Lai, Y. R., Chen, M. H., Lin, W. C., Chiu, W. C., Cheng, B. C., Chen, J. F., Lu, C. H. (2020). Leptin mediate central obesity on the severity of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in well-controlled type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 1-10.
• Lee, M. J., Jung, C. H., Kang, Y. M., Jang, J. E., Leem, J., Park, J. Y., Lee, W. J. (2015). Serum ceruloplasmin level as a predictor for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Korean men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 39(3), 230-239.
• León-Pedroza, J. I., González-Tapia, L. A., del Olmo-Gil, E., Castellanos-Rodríguez, D., Escobedo, G., González-Chávez, A. (2015). Low-grade systemic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases: from the molecular evidence to the clinical practice. Cirugía y Cirujanos (English Edition), 83(6), 543-551.
• Liu, Y., Xu, X. Y., Shen, Y., Ye, C. F., Hu, N., Yao, Q., Liu, Y. L. (2020). Ghrelin protects against obesity-induced myocardial injury by regulating the lncRNA H19/miR-29a/IGF-1 signalling axis. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 114, 104405.
• Lo, J., Bernstein, L. E., Canavan, B., Torriani, M., Jackson, M. B., Ahima, R. S., Grinspoon, S. K. (2007). Effects of TNF-α neutralization on adipocytokines and skeletal muscle adiposity in the metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 293(1), E102-E109.
• Madeira, I., Bordallo, M. A., Rodrigues, N. C., Carvalho, C., Gazolla, F., Collett-Solberg, P., Ribeiro, R. (2016). Leptin as a predictor of metabolic syndrome in prepubertal children. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 61, 07-13.
• Maeda, N., Shimomura, I., Kishida, K., Nishizawa, H., Matsuda, M., Nagaretani, HMatsuzawa, Y. (2002). Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nature Medicine, 8(7), 731-737.
• Mahendra, J. V., Kumar, S. D., Anuradha, T. S., Talikoti, P., Nagaraj, R. S., Vishali, V. (2015). Plasma fibrinogen in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and its relation with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and retinopathy. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 9(1), BC18.
• Malik, M. S., Malik, M., Sukhera, A. B., Khalid, M. A., Waqas, A., Qayyum, W., Malik, F. S. (2021). Metabolic syndrome and related inflammation, prevalence, and predictive value of c-reactive protein in south Asian youths. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 19(9), 483-490.
• Malo, E., Ukkola, O., Jokela, M., Moilanen, L., Kähönen, M., Nieminen, M. S., Kesäniemi, Y. A. (2011). Resistin is an indicator of the metabolic syndrome according to five different definitions in the Finnish Health 2000 survey. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 9(3), 203-210.
• Marti, A., Martínez, I., Ojeda-Rodríguez, A., Azcona-Sanjulian, M. C. (2021). Higher lipopolysaccharide binding protein and chemerin concentrations were associated with metabolic syndrome features in pediatric subjects with abdominal obesity during a lifestyle intervention. Nutrients, 13(2), 289.
• McTernan, P. G., Kusminski, C. M., Kumar, S. (2006). Resistin. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 2, 170-175.
• Mehanna, E. T., Mesbah, N. M., Ghattas, M. H., Saleh, S. M., Abo-Elmatty, D. M. (2016). Association of chemerin Rs17173608 and vaspin Rs2236242 gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in Egyptian women. Endocrine Research, 41(1), 43-48.
• Mesgari-Abbasi, M., Farhangi, M. A. (2020). Serum concentrations of cholecystokinin, peptide YY, ghrelin and high sensitive C-reactive protein in association with metabolic syndrome ingredients in obese individuals. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest), 16(1), 37-42.
• Mirhafez, S. R., Pasdar, A., Avan, A., Esmaily, H., Moezzi, A., Mohebati, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. (2015). Cytokine and growth factor profiling in patients with the metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(12), 1911-1919.
• Moon, Y. S., Kim, D. H., Song, D. K. (2004). Serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Metabolism, 53(7), 863-867.
• Mora, M., Adam, V., Palomera, E., Blesa, S., Díaz, G., Buquet, X., Mataró Aging Study Group. (2015). Ghrelin gene variants influence on metabolic syndrome components in aged Spanish population. PloS One, 10(9), e0136931.
• Nikołajuk, A., Karczewska-Kupczewska, M., Straczkowski, M. (2015). Relationship between serum IL-12 and p40 subunit concentrations and lipid parameters in overweight and obese women. Metabolic syndrome and related disorders, 13(8), 336-342.
• Nourbakhsh, M., Nourbakhsh, M., Gholinejad, Z., Razzaghy-Azar, M. (2015). Visfatin in obese children and adolescents and its association with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 75(2), 183-188.
• Novotny, D., Vaverkova, H., Karasek, D., Lukes, J., Slavik, L., Malina, P., Orsag, J. (2014). Evaluation of total adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Physiological Research, 63(2).
• Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Kocełak, P., Nylec, M., Chudek, J., Zahorska-Markiewicz, B. (2012). Circulating visfatin level and visfatin/insulin ratio in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Archives of Medical Science, 8(2), 214-218.
• Onalan, E., Yakar, B., Barım, A. O., Gursu, M. F. (2020). Serum apelin and resistin levels in patients with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Endokrynologia Polska, 71(4), 319-324.
• Opal, S. M., DePalo, V. A. (2000). Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest, 117(4), 1162-1172.
• Padwal, M. K., Murshid, M., Nirmale, P., Melinkeri, R. R. (2015). Association of serum ferritin levels with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 9(9), BC11.
• Pavlović, M., Babić, D., Rastović, P., Ljevak, I. (2013). Association of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen concentration with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(suppl 1), 51-55.
• Pepys, M. B., Hirschfield, G. M. (2003). C-reactive protein: a critical update. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(12), 1805-1812.
• Pereira, M. A., Swain, J., Goldfine, A. B., Rifai, N., Ludwig, D. S. (2004). Effects of a low–glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA, 292(20), 2482-2490.
• Pereira, S., Cline, D. L., Glavas, M. M., Covey, S. D., Kieffer, T. J. (2021). Tissue-specific effects of leptin on Rglucose and lipid metabolism. Endocrine Reviews, 42(1), 1-28.
• Picchi, A., Gao, X., Belmadani, S., Potter, B. J., Focardi, M., Chilian, W. M., Zhang, C. (2006). Tumor necrosis factor-α induces endothelial dysfunction in the prediabetic metabolic syndrome. Circulation Research, 99(1), 69-77.
• Poykko, S. M., Kellokoski, E., Horkko, S., Kauma, H., Kesaniemi, Y. A., Ukkola, O. (2003). Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 52(10), 2546-2553.
• Pradhan, A. D., Manson, J. E., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M. (2001). C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA, 286(3), 327-334.
• Pulkkinen, L., Ukkola, O., Kolehmainen, M., Uusitupa, M. (2010). Ghrelin in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Peptides, 2010.
• Rajala, M. W., Obici, S., Scherer, P. E., Rossetti, L. (2003). Adipose-derived resistin and gut-derived resistin-like molecule–β selectively impair insulin action on glucose production. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111(2), 225-230.
• Raymond, N. C., Dysken, M., Bettin, K., Eckert, E. D., Crow, S. J., Markus, K., Pomeroy, C. (2000). Cytokine production in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(3), 293-302.
• Reilly, M. P., Rader, D. J. (2003). The metabolic syndrome: more than the sum of its parts?. Circulation, 108(13), 1546-1551.
• Ren, M., You, L., Lin, D., Feng, Q., Huang, C., Li, F., Sun, K. (2021). Association of metabolic syndrome with the incidence of low-grade albuminuria: A cohort study in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Aging (Albany NY), 13(5), 7350.
• Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., Buring, J. E., Cook, N. R. (2002). Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(20), 1557-1565.
• Rotter, V., Nagaev, I., Smith, U. (2003). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is, like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α, overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resistant subjects. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(46), 45777-45784.
• Samsam-Shariat, S. Z., Bolhasani, M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Najafi, S., Asgary, S. (2014). Relationship between blood peroxidases activity and visfatin levels in metabolic syndrome patients. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 10(4), 218.
• Samy, K., Porwal, Y. C., Yadav, A. (2022). Evaluation of interleukin 6 (Il-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and paraoxonase 1 (Pon 1) in obese and non-obese metabolic syndrome. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 70(4), 11-12.
• Sanlialp, S. C., Nar, G., Nar, R. (2022). Relationship between circulating serum omentin-1 levels and nascent metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 70(3), 780-785.
• Saremi, A., Asghari, M., Ghorbani, A. (2010). Effects of aerobic training on serum omentin-1 and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese men. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 993-998.
• Satyanarayana, G., Keisham, N., Batra, H. S., Khan, M., Gupta, S., Mahindra, V. (2021). Evaluation of serum ceruloplasmin levels as a biomarker for oxidative stress in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Cureus, 13(2).
• Schäffler, A., Neumeier, M., Herfarth, H., Fürst, A., Schölmerich, J., Büchler, C. (2005). Genomic structure of human omentin, a new adipocytokine expressed in omental adipose tissue. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, 1732(1-3), 96-102.
• Sharma, M., Bhatia, K., Misra, P., , Sibin, M. K., Ambade, V. N., Mukherjee, B. (2019). A study of plasma glucose and serum ceruloplasmin in type-2 Diabetes mellitus (t2dm) at a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies. 3, 229-236.
• Shin, M. J., Lee, K. H., Chung, J. H., Park, Y. K., Choi, M. K., Oh, J., Kang, S. M. (2009). Circulating IL-8 levels in heart failure patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Clinica Chimica Acta, 405(1-2), 139-142.
• Siegel, G., Ermilov, E., Knes, O., Rodríguez, M. (2014). Combined lowering of low grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome patients treated with Ginkgo biloba. Atherosclerosis, 237(2), 584-588.
• Sigdel, M., Kumar, A., Gyawali, P., Shrestha, R., Tuladhar, E. T., Jha, B. (2014). Association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein with the components of metabolic syndrome in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(6), CC11-3.
• Singh, A. K., Tiwari, S., Gupta, A., Shukla, K. K., Chhabra, K. G., Pandey, A., Pant, A. B. (2015). Association of resistin with insulin resistance and factors of metabolic syndrome in north Indians. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(3), 255-262.
• Song, K., Du, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Guo, Y., Wu, H., Niu, K. (2014). Serum immunoglobulin M concentration is positively related to metabolic syndrome in an adult population: Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort Study. PLoS One, 9(2), e88701.
• Song, Y., Yang, S. K., Kim, J., Lee, D. C. (2019). Association between C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 40(2), 116.
• Sookoian, S. C., González, C., Pirola, C. J. (2005). Meta‐analysis on the G‐308A tumor necrosis factor α gene variant and phenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome. Obesity Research, 13(12), 2122-2131.
• Stanojević, A., Popović, I., Nenadović, M., Ravanić, D., Paunović-Milosavljević, G. (2013). Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein in patients with depressive disorder on antidepressive medication. Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 141(7-8), 511-515.
• Stejskal, D., Vaclavik, J., Smekal, A., Svobodova, G., Richterova, R., Svestak, M. (2016). Omentin-1 levels in patients with premature coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome and healthy controls. Short communication. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of Palacky University in Olomouc, 160(2), 219-21.
• Stoica, R. A., Drăgana, N., Ancuceanu, R., Geicu, O. I., Guja, C., Pantea-Stoian, A., Ionescu-Tîrgoviște, C. (2022). Interleukin-8, CXCL10, CXCL11 and their role in insulin resistance in adult females with subclinical hypothyroidism and prediabetes. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 28, 100299.
• Straczkowski, M., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Stêpieñ, A., Kowalska, I., Szelachowska, M., Kinalska, I. (2002). Plasma interleukin-8 concentrations are increased in obese subjects and related to fat mass and tumor necrosis factor-α system. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(10), 4602-4606.
• Suarez-Alvarez, K., Solis-Lozano, L., Leon-Cabrera, S., Gonzalez-Chavez, A., Gomez-Hernandez, G., Quinones-Alvarez, M. S., Escobedo, G. (2013). Serum IL-12 is increased in Mexican obese subjects and associated with low-grade inflammation and obesity-related parameters. Mediators of Inflammation, 2013.
• Suárez-Ortegón, M. F., Blanco, E., McLachlan, S., Fernandez-Real, J. M., Burrows, R., Wild, S. H., Gahagan, S. (2019). Ferritin levels throughout childhood and metabolic syndrome in adolescent stage. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 29(3), 268-278.
• Sun, S., Wu, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Guo, Y., Du, H., Niu, K. (2014). Subnormal peripheral blood leukocyte counts are related to the lowest prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: Tianjin chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and health cohort study. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014.
• Suzuki, T., Voeks, J., Zakai, N. A., Jenny, N. S., Brown, T. M., Safford, M. M., Cushman, M. (2014). Metabolic syndrome, C-reactive protein, and mortality in US Blacks and Whites: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Diabetes Care, 37(8), 2284-2290.
• Tajik, N., Golpaie, A., Keshavarz, S. A., Djalali, M., Sehat, M., Masoudkabir, F., Yazdani, T. (2012). Decreased plasma levels of ceruloplasmin after diet-induced weight loss in obese women. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 35(6), 566-569.
• Throop, J. L., Kerl, M. E., Cohn, L. A. (2004). Albumin in health and disease: protein metabolism and function. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 26, 932-939.
• Tong, J., Prigeon, R. L., Davis, H. W., Bidlingmaier, M., Kahn, S. E., Cummings, D. E., D'Alessio, D. (2010). Ghrelin suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and deteriorates glucose tolerance in healthy humans. Diabetes, 59(9), 2145-2151.
• Ugur, K., Erman, F., Turkoglu, S., Aydin, Y., Aksoy, A., Lale, A., Yalniz, M. (2022). Asprosin, visfatin and subfatin as new biomarkers of obesity and metabolic syndrome. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 26(6), 2124-2133.
• Ukkola, O. (2011). Ghrelin in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 340(1), 26-28.
• Ullah, M. I., Alzahrani, B., Alsrhani, A., Atif, M., Alameen, A. A. M., Ejaz, H. (2021). Determination of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in metabolic syndrome patients from Saudi population. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 37(3), 700.
• Vecchiola, A., García, K., González-Gómez, L. M., Tapia-Castillo, A., Artigas, R., Baudrand, R., Fardella, C. E. (2022). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adiponectin are associated with metabolic syndrome components. American Journal of Hypertension, 35(4), 311-318.
• Virdis, A., Colucci, R., Bernardini, N., Blandizzi, C., Taddei, S., Masi, S. (2019). Microvascular endothelial dysfunction in human obesity: Role of TNF-α. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(2), 341-348.
• Vojtková, J., Kolková, Z., Motyková, K., Kostková, M., Suroviaková, S., Grendár, M., Bánovčin, P. (2021). An association between fibrinogen gene polymorphisms and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Molecular Biology Reports, 48(5), 4397-4404.
• Wada, J., Makino, H. (2013). Inflammation and the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Clinical Science, 124(3), 139-152.
• Wang, D., Yuan, G. Y., Wang, X. Z., Jia, J., Di, L. L., Yang, L., Chen, J. J. (2013). Plasma chemerin level in metabolic syndrome. Genetics and Molecular Research, 12(4), 5986-5991.
• Wang, D., He, L., Zhang, X. (2021). -308G/A polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene and metabolic syndrome susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3840.
• Weisel, J. W. (2005). Fibrinogen and fibrin. Advances in Protein Chemistry, 70, 247-299.
• Whitehead, J. P., Richards, A. A., Hickman, I. J., Macdonald, G. A., Prins, J. B. (2006). Adiponectin–a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 8(3), 264-280.
• Wu, O., Hang Leng, J., Zhang, X. Y., Liu, W., Zhang, H., Yang, F. F., Lu, X. (2022). The value of adiponectin-resistin (AR) index in newly diagnosed obesity hypertension: a case control study among Chinese adult. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 44(1), 40-45.
• Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Waki, H., Imai, Y., Shimozawa, N., Hioki, K., Kadowaki, T. (2003). Globular adiponectin protected ob/ob mice from diabetes and ApoE-deficient mice from atherosclerosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(4), 2461-2468.
• Yamauchi, T., Kamon, J., Waki, H., Terauchi, Y., Kubota, N., Hara, K., Kadowaki, T. (2001). The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nature Medicine, 7(8), 941-946.
• Yang, R. Z., Lee, M. J., Hu, H., Pray, J., Wu, H. B., Hansen, B. C., Gong, D. W. (2006). Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 290(6), E1253-E1261.
• Yang, T., Chou, Y. C., Chu, C. H., Lin, S. H., Hsieh, P. C., Hsu, C. H., Sun, C. A. (2014). Metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein concentration as independent correlates of chronic kidney disease. Endocrine Research, 39(3), 94-98.
• Yasir, M., Senthilkumar, G. P., Jayashree, K., Ramesh Babu, K., Vadivelan, M., Palanivel, C. (2022). Association of serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 128(2), 313-320.
• Ye, J. H., Li, Z. Z., Li, Y., Li, F., Yan, L., Cheng, H., Fu, Z. Z. (2006). Relationship between serum interleukin-10 and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. Nan Fang yi ke da xue xue bao= Journal of Southern Medical University, 26(4), 428-430.
• Yuan, D., Jiang, P., Zhu, P., Jia, S., Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Yuan, J. (2021). Prognostic value of fibrinogen in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes following percutaneous coronary intervention: 5-year findings from a large cohort study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 20(1), 1-13.
• Zahary, M. N., Harun, N. S., Yahaya, R., Him, N. A. S. N., Rohin, M. A. K., Ridzwan, N. H., Jusoh, A. F. W. (2019). Serum adiponectin and resistin: Correlation with metabolic syndrome and its associated criteria among temiar subtribe in Malaysia. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(3), 2015-2019.
• Zaki, M., El-Bassyouni, H. T., Youness, E. R., Basha, W. A., Ali, M. A., Khalil, W. K., Yousef, W. (2022). Effect of obesity on serum IL-10 concentrations and messenger RNA expression in women with metabolic syndrome. New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 69.
• Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Heiman, M., DiMarchi, R. (2005). Leptin: structure, function and biology. Vitamins & Hormones, 71, 345-372.
• Zhong, M., Tan, H. W., Gong, H. P., Wang, S. F., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W. (2008). Increased serum visfatin in patients with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis. Clinical Endocrinology, 69(6), 878-884.
• Zhou, J. Y., Chan, L., Zhou, S. W. (2014). Omentin: linking metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 12(1), 136-143.
• Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F., Tripepi, G., Benedetto, F. A., Cutrupi, S., Parlongo, S., Matsuzawa, Y. (2002). Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(1), 134-141.