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The asylum issue and political mass education in Turkey: How the government imposed the acceptance of Syrian refugees on Turkish citizens?

Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 29.12.2018

Abstract

When governments make far-reaching but unpopular decisions,
they may resort to political mass education, in which they impose
new political orientations on their constituency. This paper
enquires into a process of political mass education that unfolded
when Turkey accepted an ever-growing number of refugees from
civil-war-battered Syria after 2011. In spite of Turkish society’s
overall negative attitude toward Arabs, the Turkish government,
along with pro-government mass media outlets, succeeded in
preventing major acts of violence against Syrian refugees and in
persuading Turkish citizens to accept them. By drawing on a
discourse analysis, the paper sheds light on the devices and
strategies used throughout this educational process.

References

  • AFAD (2016) Barınma merkezlerinde son durum. December 5. https://www.afad.gov.tr/tr/2374/Barinma-Merkezlerinde-Son-Durum (accessed December 7, 2016).
  • Al Jazeera Turk (2016) İllere göre mülteci dağılımı. April 8. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/en-fazla-multeci-sanliurfada (accessed November 29, 2016).
  • Amnesty International (2016) Syria’s refugee crisis in numbers. February 3. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/02/syrias-refugee-crisis-in-numbers/ (accessed November 29, 2016).
  • Ardıç Çobaner A. (2015) Çocuk hakları bağlamında Suriyeli mülteci çocukların haberlerde temsili.Marmara İletişim Dergisi 24:27–54.
  • Arnold K. (2003) Propaganda als ideologische Kommunikation. Publizistik 48(1):63–82.
  • Ayrımcı Sözlük (2012) Araplara karşı ayrımcı deyiş, deyim ve atasözleri. February 15. http://ayrimcisozluk.blogspot.com.tr/2012/02/araplara-kars-ayrmc-deyis-deyim-ve.html (accessed November 11, 2016).
  • Berkes N. (1978) Türkiye’de çağdaşlaşma. İstanbul: Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • Biesta G. (2011) The ignorant citizen: Mouffe, Rancière, and the subject of democratic education. Studies in the Philosophy of Education 30:141–153.
  • Brezinka W. (1992) Philosophy of educational knowledge. Dordrecht: Kluwer (Springer).
  • Brighouse H. (1998) Civic education and liberal legitimacy. Ethics 108(4):719–745.
  • Çağaptay S. (2005) Islam, secularism and nationalism in modern Turkey: Who is Turk? London: Routledge.
  • Çiçek MT. (2012) Erken Cumhuriyet dönemi ders kitapları çerçevesinde Türk ulus kimliği inşası ve‘Arap İhaneti.’ Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 32(1):169–188.
  • Copp D. (2016) Moral education versus indoctrination. Theory and Research in Education 14(2):149–167.
  • Deniz AÇ, Ekinci Y, Hülür AB. (2016) “Bizim Müstakbel Hep Harap Oldu.” Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Gündelik Hayatı, Antep-Kilis Çevresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yay.
  • EDAM (Ekonomi ve Dış Politika Araştırmaları Merkezi) (2014) Türk Kamuoyunun Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Bakış Açısı Anketi. Türkiye’de Dış Politika ve Kamuoyu Anketleri 1.
  • Efe İ. (2015) Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacılar, Ankara: SETA. http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20151225180911_turk-basininda-suriyeli-siginmacilar-pdf.pdf (accessed December 16, 2016). Elsen H. (2008) Manipulation aus sprachlicher Sicht — ein Überblick. Wirkendes Wort 58(3):447–466.
  • Entman RM. (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication 43(4):51–58.
  • Fernández C, Sundström M. (2011) Citizenship education and liberalism: a state of the debate analysis 1990–2010. Studies in the Philosophy of Education 30:363–384. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (1988) Atatürkçülük (birinci kitap) Atatürk’ün görüş ve direktifleri. İstanbul:Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • GİGM (Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü) (2016) Geçici koruma istatistikleri, GİGM. June 2016.
  • http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713 (accessed December 7, 2016).
  • Goffman E. (1986) Frame Analysis. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Gökaçtı MA. (2005) Türkiye’de din eğitimi ve imam hatipler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Göker G, Keskin S. (2015) Haber medyası ve mülteciler: Suriyeli mültecilerin Türk yazılı basınındaki temsili. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi 41:229–256.
  • Grube N. (2015) Make the nation safe for mass society: debates about propaganda and education in the United States in the twentieth century. In: Aubry C, Geiss M, Magyar-Haas V, Oelkers J, editors. Education and the state. London and New York: Routledge, p 178-195.
  • Heyne S, Vollmer BA. (2016) Innovation und Persuasion in der Presse. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • Hogan J, Feeney S. (2012) Crisis and policy change: the role of the political entrepreneur. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 3(2):1-24.
  • İnal K, Gezgin UB. (2018). Medyada Suriyeli sığınmacılar söylemi—Bir ikna çalışmasının analizi. Alternatif Eğitim 7(Bahar):245-284.
  • Kloos S. (2016) The Neo-Ottoman turn in Turkey’s refugee reception discourse. Alternatif Politika. 8(3):536–561.
  • Küçükcan T. (2010) Arab image in Turkey. Ankara: SETA.
  • Mannheim K. (1954) Ideology and utopia. London: Routledge & Kegan.
  • Merten K. (2010) Struktur und Funktion von Propaganda. Publizistik 45(2):143–162.
  • Nohl, A-M. (2016) Dokumentarische Methode und die Interpretation öffentlicher Diskurse. Zeitschrift für Diskursforschung 4(2):116–136.
  • Prange K, Strobel-Eisele G. (2015) Die Formen des pädagogischen Handelns. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  • Raschke J, Tils R. (2013) Politische Strategie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • RSC (Refugee Studies Centre) (2015) The Syrian humanitarian disaster. Disparities in perceptions, aspirations and behaviour in Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. RSC Research Briefs 3.
  • Sander W. (2004) Incitement to freedom: competencies of political education in a world of difference. The Development Education Journal 11(1):9–11.
  • Sarcinelli U. (2010) Strategie und politische Kommunikation. Mehr als die Legitimation des Augenblicks. In: Raschke J, Tils R, editors. Strategie in der Politikwissenschaft.Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p 267-298.
  • Seiffert J, Fähnrich B. (2015) Mehr als nur Rhetorik? Die strategische Kommunikation der deutschen Bundesregierung in der Euro-Krise. In: Fröhlich R, Koch T, editors. Politik – PR – Persuasion. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p 261-284.
  • SETA (Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı) (2015) Türkiye’de ‘Suriyeli mülteci’ söylemi. http://setav.org/tr/turkiyede-%E2%80%98suriyeli-multeci-soylemi/yorum/18512. (accessed September 7, 2016).
  • Seyhan Belediyesi (2015) Adana Seyhan’daki sığınmacılar: durum tespiti ve acil çözüm önerileri raporu. Adana.
  • Stross AM. (1994) Erziehung und Indoktrination. In: Horn K, Wigger L, editors. Systematiken und Klassifikationen in der Erziehungswissenschaft. Weinheim, p 47-68. UNHCR (2016) Figures at a glance. http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html (accessed December 18, 16)
  • Virtanen T, Halmari H. (2005) Persuasion across genres: emerging perspectives. In: Halmari H, Virtanen T, editors. Persuasion across genres: a linguistic approach. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p 3-24.
Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 29.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • AFAD (2016) Barınma merkezlerinde son durum. December 5. https://www.afad.gov.tr/tr/2374/Barinma-Merkezlerinde-Son-Durum (accessed December 7, 2016).
  • Al Jazeera Turk (2016) İllere göre mülteci dağılımı. April 8. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/en-fazla-multeci-sanliurfada (accessed November 29, 2016).
  • Amnesty International (2016) Syria’s refugee crisis in numbers. February 3. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/02/syrias-refugee-crisis-in-numbers/ (accessed November 29, 2016).
  • Ardıç Çobaner A. (2015) Çocuk hakları bağlamında Suriyeli mülteci çocukların haberlerde temsili.Marmara İletişim Dergisi 24:27–54.
  • Arnold K. (2003) Propaganda als ideologische Kommunikation. Publizistik 48(1):63–82.
  • Ayrımcı Sözlük (2012) Araplara karşı ayrımcı deyiş, deyim ve atasözleri. February 15. http://ayrimcisozluk.blogspot.com.tr/2012/02/araplara-kars-ayrmc-deyis-deyim-ve.html (accessed November 11, 2016).
  • Berkes N. (1978) Türkiye’de çağdaşlaşma. İstanbul: Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • Biesta G. (2011) The ignorant citizen: Mouffe, Rancière, and the subject of democratic education. Studies in the Philosophy of Education 30:141–153.
  • Brezinka W. (1992) Philosophy of educational knowledge. Dordrecht: Kluwer (Springer).
  • Brighouse H. (1998) Civic education and liberal legitimacy. Ethics 108(4):719–745.
  • Çağaptay S. (2005) Islam, secularism and nationalism in modern Turkey: Who is Turk? London: Routledge.
  • Çiçek MT. (2012) Erken Cumhuriyet dönemi ders kitapları çerçevesinde Türk ulus kimliği inşası ve‘Arap İhaneti.’ Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi 32(1):169–188.
  • Copp D. (2016) Moral education versus indoctrination. Theory and Research in Education 14(2):149–167.
  • Deniz AÇ, Ekinci Y, Hülür AB. (2016) “Bizim Müstakbel Hep Harap Oldu.” Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Gündelik Hayatı, Antep-Kilis Çevresi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yay.
  • EDAM (Ekonomi ve Dış Politika Araştırmaları Merkezi) (2014) Türk Kamuoyunun Suriyeli Sığınmacılara Bakış Açısı Anketi. Türkiye’de Dış Politika ve Kamuoyu Anketleri 1.
  • Efe İ. (2015) Türk Basınında Suriyeli Sığınmacılar, Ankara: SETA. http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20151225180911_turk-basininda-suriyeli-siginmacilar-pdf.pdf (accessed December 16, 2016). Elsen H. (2008) Manipulation aus sprachlicher Sicht — ein Überblick. Wirkendes Wort 58(3):447–466.
  • Entman RM. (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication 43(4):51–58.
  • Fernández C, Sundström M. (2011) Citizenship education and liberalism: a state of the debate analysis 1990–2010. Studies in the Philosophy of Education 30:363–384. Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (1988) Atatürkçülük (birinci kitap) Atatürk’ün görüş ve direktifleri. İstanbul:Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
  • GİGM (Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü) (2016) Geçici koruma istatistikleri, GİGM. June 2016.
  • http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/gecici-koruma_363_378_4713 (accessed December 7, 2016).
  • Goffman E. (1986) Frame Analysis. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Gökaçtı MA. (2005) Türkiye’de din eğitimi ve imam hatipler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Göker G, Keskin S. (2015) Haber medyası ve mülteciler: Suriyeli mültecilerin Türk yazılı basınındaki temsili. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi 41:229–256.
  • Grube N. (2015) Make the nation safe for mass society: debates about propaganda and education in the United States in the twentieth century. In: Aubry C, Geiss M, Magyar-Haas V, Oelkers J, editors. Education and the state. London and New York: Routledge, p 178-195.
  • Heyne S, Vollmer BA. (2016) Innovation und Persuasion in der Presse. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • Hogan J, Feeney S. (2012) Crisis and policy change: the role of the political entrepreneur. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 3(2):1-24.
  • İnal K, Gezgin UB. (2018). Medyada Suriyeli sığınmacılar söylemi—Bir ikna çalışmasının analizi. Alternatif Eğitim 7(Bahar):245-284.
  • Kloos S. (2016) The Neo-Ottoman turn in Turkey’s refugee reception discourse. Alternatif Politika. 8(3):536–561.
  • Küçükcan T. (2010) Arab image in Turkey. Ankara: SETA.
  • Mannheim K. (1954) Ideology and utopia. London: Routledge & Kegan.
  • Merten K. (2010) Struktur und Funktion von Propaganda. Publizistik 45(2):143–162.
  • Nohl, A-M. (2016) Dokumentarische Methode und die Interpretation öffentlicher Diskurse. Zeitschrift für Diskursforschung 4(2):116–136.
  • Prange K, Strobel-Eisele G. (2015) Die Formen des pädagogischen Handelns. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  • Raschke J, Tils R. (2013) Politische Strategie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
  • RSC (Refugee Studies Centre) (2015) The Syrian humanitarian disaster. Disparities in perceptions, aspirations and behaviour in Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. RSC Research Briefs 3.
  • Sander W. (2004) Incitement to freedom: competencies of political education in a world of difference. The Development Education Journal 11(1):9–11.
  • Sarcinelli U. (2010) Strategie und politische Kommunikation. Mehr als die Legitimation des Augenblicks. In: Raschke J, Tils R, editors. Strategie in der Politikwissenschaft.Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p 267-298.
  • Seiffert J, Fähnrich B. (2015) Mehr als nur Rhetorik? Die strategische Kommunikation der deutschen Bundesregierung in der Euro-Krise. In: Fröhlich R, Koch T, editors. Politik – PR – Persuasion. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, p 261-284.
  • SETA (Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı) (2015) Türkiye’de ‘Suriyeli mülteci’ söylemi. http://setav.org/tr/turkiyede-%E2%80%98suriyeli-multeci-soylemi/yorum/18512. (accessed September 7, 2016).
  • Seyhan Belediyesi (2015) Adana Seyhan’daki sığınmacılar: durum tespiti ve acil çözüm önerileri raporu. Adana.
  • Stross AM. (1994) Erziehung und Indoktrination. In: Horn K, Wigger L, editors. Systematiken und Klassifikationen in der Erziehungswissenschaft. Weinheim, p 47-68. UNHCR (2016) Figures at a glance. http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html (accessed December 18, 16)
  • Virtanen T, Halmari H. (2005) Persuasion across genres: emerging perspectives. In: Halmari H, Virtanen T, editors. Persuasion across genres: a linguistic approach. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p 3-24.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anthropology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kemal İnal

Arnd-michael Nohl This is me

Publication Date December 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver İnal K, Nohl A-m. The asylum issue and political mass education in Turkey: How the government imposed the acceptance of Syrian refugees on Turkish citizens?. Euras J Anthropol. 2018;9(1):1-17.