A New Approach in Management Against Plant Fungal Disease: Host Induced Gene Silencing

Abstract

Plant pathogenic fungi may cause crop losses that affect the world economy. Although one of the most effective ways to combat plant pathogens is a chemical control, alternative methods have become necessity as a result of environmental pollution and residue problems caused by pesticides used in agriculture. The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed to completely prevent or decrease the production of protein which is an expression of a specific gene. Due to the degeneracy of mRNA chain which is complementary of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) entered into cells is prevented the production of protein.  RNA silencing is very important for many organisms and microorganisms. This natural phenomenon can be exploited to control agronomically relevant plant diseases, based on the demonstration that in vitro feeding of dsRNA can signal Post transcriptional gene silencing (one of the RNA silencing methods) of target genes in various plant pests and pathogens, such as insects, nematodes and fungi.  In other words, as well as determining a function of specific gene and developing of new plant various, RNA silencing was also begun to use for developing resistant plant varieties against biotic and abiotic factors by the suppression of gene expression. This biotechnological method, termed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), has emerged as a promising alternative in plant protection because it combines high selectivity for the target organism with minimal side effects, as compared with chemical treatments. In recent years, the significant developments related to the use of HIGS in management against plant pathogenic fungi (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, Blumeria graminis, Fusarium verticillioides etc.) was obtained. In this review, it is mentioned from the mechanism of HIGS and studies related to the use against plant pathogenic fungi.

Keywords

• dsRNA,HIGS,mRNA,PTGS,fungi,pathogen.

References

1. Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant pathology. 5nd edn, Elsevier Academic Press, California, USA.
2. Andradeab C. M., Tinocoa M. L. P., Rietha A. F., Maiaa F. C. O. & Aragao F. J. L. 2015. Host-induced gene silencing in the necrotrophic fungal pathogen. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Pathology, vol. 65, pp.626-632, 2016.
3. Aras S., Soydam-Aydın S., Fazlıoğlu A., Cansaran-Duman D., Büyük İ. & Derici K. 2015. Bitkilerde RNA interferans. Türk Hij. Den. Biyoloji Dergisi, 72(3), 255-262.
4. Arias R. S., Dang P. M. & Sobolev V. S. 2015. RNAi-mediated control of aflatoxin in peanut: method to analyze mycotoxin production and transgene expression in the peanut/Aspergillus pathosystem. J. Vis. Exp. 106.
5. A. Armas-Tızapantzı & Mozntıel-Gonzalez A. M. 2016. ‘RNAi silencing: A tool for functional genomics research on fungi, Fungal Biology Reviews, vol. 30, pp. 91-100.
6. Baumberger N. & Baulcombe D. 2005. Arabidopsis ARGONAUTE1 is an RNA Slicer that selectively recruits microRNAs and short interfering RNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102 no: 33., 11928-11933.
7. Cristiano C. N. & Dean. R. A. 2012. Host-Induced Gene Silencing: a tool for understanding fungal host interaction and for developing novel disease control strategies. Molecular Plant Pathology, 13(5), 519-529.
8. Duan, C. G., Wang C. H. & Guo H. S. 2012. Application of RNA silencing to plant disease resistance. Silence, 3,5.

9. Fire A., Xu, S., Montgomery M. K., Kostas S. A., Driver S. E. & Mello C. C. 1998. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806-811.
10. Govindarajulu M., Epstein L., Wroblewski T. & Michelmore R. W. 2015. Host-Induced Gene Silencing Inhibits The Biotrophic Pathogen Causing Downy Mildew Of Lettuce. Plant Biotechnology J. 13(7), 875-83.
11. Gündoğdu R. & Çelik V. 2009. RNA inteferans (RNAi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 25 (11-2), 34-47.
12. İmriz G., Özdemir F., Taş M. N., Ercan B., Topal İ. & Karaca M. S. 2015. Bitkilerde Fungal Ve Bakteriyel Hastalıklara Karşı Dayanıklılık Genleri Ve Sinyal İletimi. Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi TR (Eski adı: OrLab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi) Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 Sayfa: 12-27.
13. Jahan S. N., Asman A. K. M., Corcoran P., Fogelqvist J., Vetukuri R. R. & Dixelius C. 2015. Plant mediated gene silencing restricts growth of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Journal of Experimental Botany.
14. Judelson H. S. & Blanco F. A, ‘The spores of Phytophthora: weapons of the plant destroyer, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 3, pp. 47-58.
15. Koch A., Kumar Neelendra., Weber L., Keller Harald., Imani J. & Kogel K. 2013. Host- induced gene silencing of cytochrome P450 lanosterol C14α-demethylase–encoding genes confers strong resistance to Fusarium species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
16. Keefe E. P. O. 2016. siRNAs and shRNAs: Tools forProtein Knockdown by Gene Silencing.
17. Koch A. & Kogel K. H. 2014. New wind in the sails: improving the agronomic value of crop plants through RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Plant Biotechnology Journal vol. 12, pp. 821-831.
18. Mmeka E., Adesoye A., Ubaoji K. I. & Nwokoye A. B. 2014. Gene Silencing Technologies in Creating Resistance to Plant Diseases. International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 8 (3), 100-120.
19. Ossowski S., Schwab R. & Weigel D. 2008. ‘’Gen silencing in plants using artificial microRNAs and other small RNAs, Plant J. vol. 53(4), pp.674-90.
20. Ruiz-Ferrer V. & Voinnet O. 2009. Roles of Plant small RNAs in Biotic Stress responses. Ann. Rew. Plant Biol. 60, pp. 485-510.
21. Song Y. & Thomma B. P. H. J. 2016. Host-Induced Gene Silencing Compromises Verticillium Wilt In Tomato And Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant Pathology.
22. Starkel C. 2011. Host Induced Gene Silencing - strategies for the improvement of resistance against Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (B. vulgaris L.) and against Fusarium graminearum in wheat (T. aestivum L.) and maize (Z. mays L.). Phd. Thesis, Berlin, Germany.
23. Tinoco M. L., Dias B. B., Dall’Astta R. C., Pamphile J. A. & Aragao F. J. 2010. In vivo trans- specific gene silencing in fungal cells by in planta expression of a double-stranded RNA. BMC Biol 31, 27.
24. Wang M., Weiberg A., Mao Lin F., Thomma B. P. H. J., Huang H. & Jin H. 2016. Bidirectional Cross-Kingdom Rnai And Fungal Uptake Of External Rnas Confer Plant Protection. Nature Plants 2, 16151.
25. Wang M. & Hailing. J. 2017. Spray-Induced Gene Silencing: a Powerful Innovative Strategy for Crop Protection. Trends in Microbiology, vol.25, no.1, pp. 4-6.
26. Weiberg A., Bellinger M. & Jin H. 2016. Conversations between kingdoms: small RNAs. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 32, 207–215.
27. Xu. G., Sui. N., Tang. Y., Xie. K., Lai. Y. & Liu. Y. 2010. One-Step, Zero-Background Ligation-Independent Cloning Intron-Containing Hairpin Rna Constructs For Rnai In Plants. New Phytologist Vol. 187, Issue 1, Pp. 240-250.
28. Yin C., Jurgenson J.E. & Hulbert S.H. 2011. Development Of A Host-Induced Rnai System In The Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, Pp. 554-561.
29. Yin C. & Hulbert S. 2015. Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS), a Promising Strategy for Developing Disease Resistant Crops. Gene Technology.
30. Zhang H., Guo J., Voegele R. T., Zhang J., Duan Y., Luo H. & Kang Z. 2012. Functional Characterization of Calcineurin Homologs PsCNA1/PsCNB1 in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using a Host-Induced RNAi System. Plos One Tenth Anniversary, vol.7.
31. Zhou B., Bailey A., Niblett C. L. & Qu R. 2016. Control of brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) by host induced gene silencing. Plant Cell Reports April, Volume 35, Issue 4, pp. 791-802