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Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 37 - 43, 30.08.2017

Abstract

In the design of dairy cattle shelters, behavior of
the animals, climatic environmental factors and herd management have a
significant impact. The most important function of dairy cattle barns to
protect animals from unfavorable environmental conditions and to increase
productivity will be achieved per animal providing with adequate housing
environment for them. The most three important factors affecting yield in
livestock raising are genetic, nutrition and environmental conditions,
respectively. These three factors in order to achieve the highest level
efficiency from the animals should be handled at the same time. Stress factors
in dairy cattle are composed of structural, climatical and social environments.
The stress resulting from the climatic environmental conditions occur due to
changes of climatic values in the environment in which hosted of the animals.
The most important parameter affecting the productivity of dairy cattle is
climatical factors. Climatic environmental conditions consist of temperature,
air velocity, relative humidity, solar radiation and light etc. parameters. The
temperatures within the climatic environmental conditions are more important
with regards to can exhibit normal behavior of the animals and their ability to
sustain physiological activities. In dairy cattle, associated with rise above
of optimum temperature zone of temperature will be broken heat balance of the
body and the animals will enter the heat stress if this excess heat does not take
away the of body. Shortly after the start of heat stress, declines will occur
in milk yield and animal losses will be inevitable if necessary precautions are
not taken. In this review, studies conducted related to in dairy cattle
breeding how it should be of climatic environmental conditions suitable to
animal behavior and effects on dairy cattle of heat stress were summarized.

References

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  • Armstrong D. V. 1994. Heat Stress İnteraction With Shade And Cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 2044–2050.
  • ASABE 2006 Standards 53rd Edition, Design of Ventilation Systems for Poultry and Livestock Shelters, in ASAE EP270.5 FEB03, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan (USA), 652-670.
  • Atasever Ş., Erdem H. & Kul E. 2004. Süt Sığırlarında Verim Üzerine Etkili Bazı İklimsel Stres Faktörleri, 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi 209-216.
  • Atrian P. & Shahryar H. A. 2012. Heat Stress In Dairy Cows (a review). Res. in Zoology, 2, 31-37.
  • Bandaranayaka D. D. & Holmes C. W. 1976. Changes in the Composition of Milk and Rumen Contents in Cows Exposed to a High Ambient Temperature with Controlled Feeding. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 8, 38-46.
  • Balaban A. & Şen E. 1988. Tarımsal Yapılar, Ankara Ünv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, No: 721, Ankara.
  • Berman A. 1968. Nychthermeral and Seasonal Patterns of Thermoregulation in Cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19, 181-188.
  • Berman A., Folman Y. M., Kaim M., Mamen Z., Herz D., Wolfenson A. & Graber Y. 1985. Upper Critical Temperatures and Forced Ventilation Effects for High-Yielding Dairy Cows in a Tropical Climate. J. Dairy Sci. 68, 488-495.
  • Bianca W. 1962. Relative Importance of Dry-and Wet-Bulb Temperatures in Causing Heat Stress in Cattle. Nature, 195, 251–252.
  • Blackshaw J. K. & Blackshaw A. W. 1994. Heat Stress in Cattle and the Effect of Shade on Production and Behaviour. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 34, 285–295.
  • Blazquez N. B., Long S. E., Mayhew T. M., Perry G. C., Prescott N. J. & Wathes, C. M. 1994. Rate of Discharge and Morphology of Sweat Glands in the Perineal, Lumbodorsal and Scrotal Skin of Cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 57, 277-284.
  • Brouček J. 1997. Effect of High Temperatures on Cattle. Agriculture, 43, 522–542.
  • Brody S. 1955. Climatic Physiology of Cattle. Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. J., Series 1607.
  • Collier R. J., Eley R. M., Sharma A. K., Pereira R. M. & Buffington D. E. 1981. Shade Management in Subtropical Environment for Milk Yield and Composition in Holstein and Jersey Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 64, 844-849.
  • Cook N. B., Mentink R. L., Bennett T. B. & Burgi K. 2007. The Effect of Heat Stress and Lameness on Time Budgets of Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1674-1682.
  • Demir Y. 1992. Kapalı Ahırlarda İç Ortam Sıcaklık ve Nemin Dış Ortam Sıcaklık Neminden Etkileniminin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. IV.Ulusal Tarımsal Yapılar Ve Sulama Kongresi. Erzurum: 376-384.
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  • Frazzi E., Calamari F., Calegari F. & Stefanini L. 2000. Behavior of Dairy Cows in Response to Different Barn Cooling Systems. Transactions of the ASAE, American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0001-2351/ 00 / 4302-387, 43(2), 387-394.
  • Gantner V., Mijić P., Kuterovac K., Solić D. & Gantner R. 2011. Temperature-Humidity Index Values and Their Significance on the Daily Production of Dairy Cattle. Mljekarstvo, 61(1), 56-63.
  • Gaughan J. B., Mader T. L., Holt S. M. & Lisle, A. 2008. A New Heat Load Index for Feedlot Cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 226-234.
  • Igono M. O., Bjotvedt G. & Sanfordcrane H. T. 1992. Environmental Profile and Critical temperature effects on milk-production of Holstein cows in desert climate. Int. J. Biometeorology. 36(2), 77-87.
  • Johnson H. D., Ragsdale A. C., Berry I.L. & Shanklin M. D. 1963. Temperature-Humidity Effects Including Influence of Acclimation in Feed and Water Consumption of Holstein Cattle. Misso-uri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 846.
  • Johnson H. D. 1987. Bioclimate Effects on Growth, Reproduction and Milk Production. In: Johnson Harold D. (ed.), Bioclimatology and the Adaptation of Livestock. World Animal Science, B5, Chapter 3, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 35–57.
  • Kadzere C.T., Murphy M.R., Silanikove N. & Maltz E. 2002. Heat Stress in Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Livestock Production Science 77, 59-91.
  • Keown F. J. & Grant R. G. 1997. How to Reduce Heat Stres in Dairy Cattle. http://www. unl.edu/IANR/PUBS/extnpubs/dairy/1063 html. Legrand A., Schütz K. E. & Tucker C. B. 2011. Using Water to Cool Cattle: Behavioral and Physi-ological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J. Dairy Sci., 94(7), 3376–3386.
  • Mader T. L., Davis M. S. & Brown-Brandl T. 2006. Environmental Factors Influencing Heat Stress in Feedlot Cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 84, 712–719.
  • Maton A., Daelemans J. & Lambrecht J. 1985. Housing of Animals, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Netherlands.
  • Mutaf S. & Sönmez R. 1984. Hayvan Barınaklarında İklimsel Çevre ve Denetimi, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları No: 438, E., Ü., Zir. Fak. Ofset Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1989. In: Revised Edition Update. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • Noton, H.N., 1982. Farm Building. By the College of Estate Management White Knights, Reading RGGZAW, London.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1971. A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1981. Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. BARR Comm. On Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1989. In: Revised Edition Update. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • Okuroğlu M. & Yağanoğlu A. V. 1993. Kültürteknik, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Yayınları, No: 157, Erzurum.
  • Omar E. A., Kirrella A. K., Soheir A., Fawzy A. & El-Keraby F. 1996. Effect of Water Spray Followed by Forced Ventilation on Some Physiological Status and Milk Production of Post Calving Friesian Cows. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 4, 71-81.
  • Radostits O. M. & Blood D.C. 1985. Herd Health W.B. Saunders, Phikadelphia pp. 176-182.
  • Ravagnolo O. & Misztal I. 2002. Effect of Heat Stress on Nonreturn rate in Holsteins: Fixed-Model Analyses. J. Dairy Sci. 85(11), 3101-3106.
  • Rhoads M. L., Rhoads R. P. VanBaale J. J., Collier R. J., Sanders S.R., Weber W. J., Spiers B. A., Spain D. E. J. N., Sampson J. D. & Rhoads R. P. 2004. Use of Physiological Parameters to Predict Milk Yield and Feed Intake in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows” J. Therm. Biol. 29, 759-764.
  • Rhoads M. L., Rhoads R. P., VanBaale, M. J., Collier R. J., Sanders S. R., Weber W. J., Crooker B. A. & Baumgard L. H. 2009. Effects of Heat Stress and Plane of Nutrition on Lactating Holstein Cows: I. Production, Metabolism, and Aspects of Circulating Somatropin. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 1986-1997.
  • Roenfeldt S. 1998. You can’t Afford to Ignore Heat Stres. Dairy Manage. 35(5), 6-12.
  • Sainsbury D. W. B. 1974. Health Problems in Intensive Animal Production. In “Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production”, J.A. Clark (ed.), Butterworths, London.
  • Sainsbury D. & Sainsbury P. 1988. General Environmental Effects. In “Livestock Health and Housing”, D. Sainsbury and P. Sainsbury (ed.), ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, London.
  • Schneider P. L., Beede D. K. & Wilcox C. J. 1988. Nycterohemeral Patterns of Acid-Base Status, Mineral Concentrations and Digestive Function of Lactating Cows in Natural or Chamber Heat Stres Environments. J. Anim. Sci. 66(1), 112-125.
  • Schütz K. E., Rogers A. R., Poulouin Y. A., Cox N. R. & Tucker C. B. 2010. The amount of Shade Influences the Behavior and Physiology of Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 125-133.
  • Shinde S. & Taneja V. K. 1986. Effect of Physical Environment Dairy Milk Yield in Crossbreds, Amin. Breed. Abst. 54(12), 7668.
  • Shultz T. A. 1984. Weather and Shade Effects on Cow Corral Activities. J. Dairy Sci. 67(4), 868-873.
  • Smith J. F. Collier R. J. Harner J. P. & Bradford B. J. 2012. Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle. 27th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference Book, 65-84.
  • Thatchet W. W. 1974. Effects of Season, Climate and Temperature on Reproduction and Lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 57, 360-368.
  • Titto C. G., Titto E. A. L., Titto R. M. & Mourao G. B. 2011. Heat Tolerance and the Effects of Shade on the Behavior of Simmental Bulls on Pasture. Animal Science Journal, 82, 591-600.
  • Tucker C. B., Rogers A. R. & Shutz K. E. 2007. Effect of Solar Radiation on Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Use of Shade and Body Temperature in a Pasture-Based System. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 109, 141-154.
  • Uğurlu N. & Uzal, S. 2004. Süt Sığırı Barınaklarının Tasarımında Mevsimsel Etkiler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(33), 73-79.
  • Uzal S. & Uğurlu N. 2008. The Effect of Climatic Condition on Area Preference of Animals in Dairy Cattle Houses. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, 4, 224-233.
  • Uzal S. & Uğurlu N. 2009. The Effects of Seasons on the Area Usage of Animals in Freestall Dairy Cattle Barn. International Coference Lake and Nutrient Loads Alblakes 09, April 24-25, pp. 240-245.
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Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 37 - 43, 30.08.2017

Abstract

References

  • Anonymous, 2012. http://www.ulusalsutkonseyi.org.tr (accessed 04 May 2015)
  • Anonymous, 2015b. http://www.zootekni.org.tr (accessed 30 April 2015)
  • Anonymous, 2015c. Hayvan Barınakları. http://www.fidantarımsaldanismanlik.com (accessed 30 April 2015)
  • Anonymous, 2016a. Dairy Cattle Heat Stress. http://www.slideshare.net/thermalaid1/dairy-cattle-powerpoint (accessed 23 August 2016)
  • Anonymous, 2016b. Climate Change Impact on Dairy Cattle. http://www.uvm.edu (22 June 2016)
  • Ansell R. H. 1981. Extreme Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle and its Alleviation: A Case Report. In: Clark JA (ed.), Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production, Buttherworths, London, pp. 285-306.
  • Armstrong D. V. 1994. Heat Stress İnteraction With Shade And Cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 2044–2050.
  • ASABE 2006 Standards 53rd Edition, Design of Ventilation Systems for Poultry and Livestock Shelters, in ASAE EP270.5 FEB03, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan (USA), 652-670.
  • Atasever Ş., Erdem H. & Kul E. 2004. Süt Sığırlarında Verim Üzerine Etkili Bazı İklimsel Stres Faktörleri, 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi 209-216.
  • Atrian P. & Shahryar H. A. 2012. Heat Stress In Dairy Cows (a review). Res. in Zoology, 2, 31-37.
  • Bandaranayaka D. D. & Holmes C. W. 1976. Changes in the Composition of Milk and Rumen Contents in Cows Exposed to a High Ambient Temperature with Controlled Feeding. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 8, 38-46.
  • Balaban A. & Şen E. 1988. Tarımsal Yapılar, Ankara Ünv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, No: 721, Ankara.
  • Berman A. 1968. Nychthermeral and Seasonal Patterns of Thermoregulation in Cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19, 181-188.
  • Berman A., Folman Y. M., Kaim M., Mamen Z., Herz D., Wolfenson A. & Graber Y. 1985. Upper Critical Temperatures and Forced Ventilation Effects for High-Yielding Dairy Cows in a Tropical Climate. J. Dairy Sci. 68, 488-495.
  • Bianca W. 1962. Relative Importance of Dry-and Wet-Bulb Temperatures in Causing Heat Stress in Cattle. Nature, 195, 251–252.
  • Blackshaw J. K. & Blackshaw A. W. 1994. Heat Stress in Cattle and the Effect of Shade on Production and Behaviour. Aust. J. Exper. Agric. 34, 285–295.
  • Blazquez N. B., Long S. E., Mayhew T. M., Perry G. C., Prescott N. J. & Wathes, C. M. 1994. Rate of Discharge and Morphology of Sweat Glands in the Perineal, Lumbodorsal and Scrotal Skin of Cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 57, 277-284.
  • Brouček J. 1997. Effect of High Temperatures on Cattle. Agriculture, 43, 522–542.
  • Brody S. 1955. Climatic Physiology of Cattle. Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. J., Series 1607.
  • Collier R. J., Eley R. M., Sharma A. K., Pereira R. M. & Buffington D. E. 1981. Shade Management in Subtropical Environment for Milk Yield and Composition in Holstein and Jersey Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 64, 844-849.
  • Cook N. B., Mentink R. L., Bennett T. B. & Burgi K. 2007. The Effect of Heat Stress and Lameness on Time Budgets of Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1674-1682.
  • Demir Y. 1992. Kapalı Ahırlarda İç Ortam Sıcaklık ve Nemin Dış Ortam Sıcaklık Neminden Etkileniminin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. IV.Ulusal Tarımsal Yapılar Ve Sulama Kongresi. Erzurum: 376-384.
  • Doležal O., Knížková I., Kudrna V., Dolejš J., Kunc P., Gregoriadesová J. & Černá D. 2004. Thermal Stress in Dairy Cattle – Tactics and Strategy (in Czech). VÚŽV Uhříněves, Praha, pp.56
  • Ekmekyapar T. & Okuroğlu M. 1984. Yumurta Tavuğu Kümeslerinde Uygun Çevre Koşulları. Teknik Tavukculuk Dergisi, 45, 3-14.
  • Ekmekyapar T. 1991. Hayvan Barınaklarında Çevre Koşullarının Düzenlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No:306, Erzurum.
  • FAO. 2016. Animal Environmental Requirements. http://www.fao.org (accessed 26 December 2016)
  • Frazzi E., Calamari F., Calegari F. & Stefanini L. 2000. Behavior of Dairy Cows in Response to Different Barn Cooling Systems. Transactions of the ASAE, American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0001-2351/ 00 / 4302-387, 43(2), 387-394.
  • Gantner V., Mijić P., Kuterovac K., Solić D. & Gantner R. 2011. Temperature-Humidity Index Values and Their Significance on the Daily Production of Dairy Cattle. Mljekarstvo, 61(1), 56-63.
  • Gaughan J. B., Mader T. L., Holt S. M. & Lisle, A. 2008. A New Heat Load Index for Feedlot Cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 226-234.
  • Igono M. O., Bjotvedt G. & Sanfordcrane H. T. 1992. Environmental Profile and Critical temperature effects on milk-production of Holstein cows in desert climate. Int. J. Biometeorology. 36(2), 77-87.
  • Johnson H. D., Ragsdale A. C., Berry I.L. & Shanklin M. D. 1963. Temperature-Humidity Effects Including Influence of Acclimation in Feed and Water Consumption of Holstein Cattle. Misso-uri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 846.
  • Johnson H. D. 1987. Bioclimate Effects on Growth, Reproduction and Milk Production. In: Johnson Harold D. (ed.), Bioclimatology and the Adaptation of Livestock. World Animal Science, B5, Chapter 3, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 35–57.
  • Kadzere C.T., Murphy M.R., Silanikove N. & Maltz E. 2002. Heat Stress in Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Livestock Production Science 77, 59-91.
  • Keown F. J. & Grant R. G. 1997. How to Reduce Heat Stres in Dairy Cattle. http://www. unl.edu/IANR/PUBS/extnpubs/dairy/1063 html. Legrand A., Schütz K. E. & Tucker C. B. 2011. Using Water to Cool Cattle: Behavioral and Physi-ological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J. Dairy Sci., 94(7), 3376–3386.
  • Mader T. L., Davis M. S. & Brown-Brandl T. 2006. Environmental Factors Influencing Heat Stress in Feedlot Cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 84, 712–719.
  • Maton A., Daelemans J. & Lambrecht J. 1985. Housing of Animals, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Netherlands.
  • Mutaf S. & Sönmez R. 1984. Hayvan Barınaklarında İklimsel Çevre ve Denetimi, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları No: 438, E., Ü., Zir. Fak. Ofset Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1989. In: Revised Edition Update. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • Noton, H.N., 1982. Farm Building. By the College of Estate Management White Knights, Reading RGGZAW, London.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1971. A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1981. Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. BARR Comm. On Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • NRC (National Research Council). 1989. In: Revised Edition Update. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  • Okuroğlu M. & Yağanoğlu A. V. 1993. Kültürteknik, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Yayınları, No: 157, Erzurum.
  • Omar E. A., Kirrella A. K., Soheir A., Fawzy A. & El-Keraby F. 1996. Effect of Water Spray Followed by Forced Ventilation on Some Physiological Status and Milk Production of Post Calving Friesian Cows. Alex. J. Agric. Res. 4, 71-81.
  • Radostits O. M. & Blood D.C. 1985. Herd Health W.B. Saunders, Phikadelphia pp. 176-182.
  • Ravagnolo O. & Misztal I. 2002. Effect of Heat Stress on Nonreturn rate in Holsteins: Fixed-Model Analyses. J. Dairy Sci. 85(11), 3101-3106.
  • Rhoads M. L., Rhoads R. P. VanBaale J. J., Collier R. J., Sanders S.R., Weber W. J., Spiers B. A., Spain D. E. J. N., Sampson J. D. & Rhoads R. P. 2004. Use of Physiological Parameters to Predict Milk Yield and Feed Intake in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows” J. Therm. Biol. 29, 759-764.
  • Rhoads M. L., Rhoads R. P., VanBaale, M. J., Collier R. J., Sanders S. R., Weber W. J., Crooker B. A. & Baumgard L. H. 2009. Effects of Heat Stress and Plane of Nutrition on Lactating Holstein Cows: I. Production, Metabolism, and Aspects of Circulating Somatropin. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 1986-1997.
  • Roenfeldt S. 1998. You can’t Afford to Ignore Heat Stres. Dairy Manage. 35(5), 6-12.
  • Sainsbury D. W. B. 1974. Health Problems in Intensive Animal Production. In “Environmental Aspects of Housing for Animal Production”, J.A. Clark (ed.), Butterworths, London.
  • Sainsbury D. & Sainsbury P. 1988. General Environmental Effects. In “Livestock Health and Housing”, D. Sainsbury and P. Sainsbury (ed.), ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, London.
  • Schneider P. L., Beede D. K. & Wilcox C. J. 1988. Nycterohemeral Patterns of Acid-Base Status, Mineral Concentrations and Digestive Function of Lactating Cows in Natural or Chamber Heat Stres Environments. J. Anim. Sci. 66(1), 112-125.
  • Schütz K. E., Rogers A. R., Poulouin Y. A., Cox N. R. & Tucker C. B. 2010. The amount of Shade Influences the Behavior and Physiology of Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 125-133.
  • Shinde S. & Taneja V. K. 1986. Effect of Physical Environment Dairy Milk Yield in Crossbreds, Amin. Breed. Abst. 54(12), 7668.
  • Shultz T. A. 1984. Weather and Shade Effects on Cow Corral Activities. J. Dairy Sci. 67(4), 868-873.
  • Smith J. F. Collier R. J. Harner J. P. & Bradford B. J. 2012. Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle. 27th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference Book, 65-84.
  • Thatchet W. W. 1974. Effects of Season, Climate and Temperature on Reproduction and Lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 57, 360-368.
  • Titto C. G., Titto E. A. L., Titto R. M. & Mourao G. B. 2011. Heat Tolerance and the Effects of Shade on the Behavior of Simmental Bulls on Pasture. Animal Science Journal, 82, 591-600.
  • Tucker C. B., Rogers A. R. & Shutz K. E. 2007. Effect of Solar Radiation on Dairy Cattle Behaviour, Use of Shade and Body Temperature in a Pasture-Based System. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 109, 141-154.
  • Uğurlu N. & Uzal, S. 2004. Süt Sığırı Barınaklarının Tasarımında Mevsimsel Etkiler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(33), 73-79.
  • Uzal S. & Uğurlu N. 2008. The Effect of Climatic Condition on Area Preference of Animals in Dairy Cattle Houses. J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, 4, 224-233.
  • Uzal S. & Uğurlu N. 2009. The Effects of Seasons on the Area Usage of Animals in Freestall Dairy Cattle Barn. International Coference Lake and Nutrient Loads Alblakes 09, April 24-25, pp. 240-245.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elif Sahin

Nuh Ugurlu This is me

Publication Date August 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sahin, E., & Ugurlu, N. (2017). Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(1), 37-43.
AMA Sahin E, Ugurlu N. Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle. EJAR. August 2017;1(1):37-43.
Chicago Sahin, Elif, and Nuh Ugurlu. “Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 1, no. 1 (August 2017): 37-43.
EndNote Sahin E, Ugurlu N (August 1, 2017) Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 1 1 37–43.
IEEE E. Sahin and N. Ugurlu, “Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle”, EJAR, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 2017.
ISNAD Sahin, Elif - Ugurlu, Nuh. “Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 1/1 (August 2017), 37-43.
JAMA Sahin E, Ugurlu N. Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle. EJAR. 2017;1:37–43.
MLA Sahin, Elif and Nuh Ugurlu. “Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 1, no. 1, 2017, pp. 37-43.
Vancouver Sahin E, Ugurlu N. Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle. EJAR. 2017;1(1):37-43.
Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research (EJAR)   ISSN: 2636-8226   Web: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejar   e-mail: agriculturalresearchjournal@gmail.com