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Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 56 - 65, 30.06.2024

Abstract

References

  • Abaho I., Masembe C., Akoll P. & Jones C. L. W. 2021. The use of plant extracts to control tilapia reproduction: Current status and future perspectives, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 53(3), 593–619.
  • Abaho I., Akoll P., Jones C. L. W. & Masembe C. 2022. Dietary inclusion of pine pollen alters sex ratio and promotes the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758), Aquaculture Reports, 27, 1-10.
  • Ahmadoon H. G. a. B., Elawad A. N., Alamin A. M. & Babiker A. A. 2023. Chemical Composition of <i>Sphyraena barracuda</i> with Different Area, Size and Season, in Sudanese Red Sea Coast, Food and Nutrition Sciences, 14(05), 415–420.
  • Amer M. A., Zaki F. G., Tahoun A. & Said M. M. 2021. Effects of 17 α-Methyltestosterone and Tribulus Terrestris Extract on Sex Ratio and Gonads Histology of Red Tilapia Hybrid, Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 24(2), 189–198.
  • Arumugam M., Jayaraman S., Sridhar A., Venkatasamy V., Brown P. B., Abdul Kari Z., Tellez-Isaias G. & Ramasamy T. 2023. Recent Advances in Tilapia Production for Sustainable Developments in Indian Aquaculture and Its Economic Benefits, Fishes, 8(4), 176.
  • Asad F., Naz S., Ali T., Gul Y., Jamal R., Shaheen Z., Tasadaq M., Nadeem A., Anwar N., Batool N. & Bano S. 2024. Effect of natural and synthetic androgen hormone on sex reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Brazilian Journal of Biology, 84, 1-7.
  • Capel B. 2017. Vertebrate sex determination: evolutionary plasticity of a fundamental switch, Nature Reviews Genetics, 18(11), 675–689.
  • Chakraborty S. B., Horn P. A. & Hancz C. 2013. Application of phytochemicals as growth‐promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture, Reviews in Aquaculture, 6(1), 1–19.
  • Chakraborty S. B. & Hancz C. 2011. Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture, Reviews in Aquaculture, 3(3), 103–119.
  • Desprez D., Géraz E., Hoareau M. C., Mélard C., Bosc P. & Baroiller J. 2003. Production of a high percentage of male offspring with a natural androgen, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11βOHA4), in Florida red tilapia, Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 55–65.
  • FAO. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, Rome, Italy
  • Gabriel N. N., Qiang J., Yu X., He J., Xu P. & Omoregie E. 2016. Sex‐Reversal Effect of Dietary Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on Genetically Improved Farmed Nile Tilapia Fry, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 79(1), 100–105.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D. & Chakraborty S. B. 2020b. The effects of four plant extracts on growth, sex reversal, immunological and haemato‐biochemical parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochmomis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture Research, 52(2), 559–576.
  • Ghosal I. & Chakraborty S. B. 2017. Production of Monosex All-Male Nile Tilapia Using Ethanol Extract of Tribulus terrestris Seeds, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73(2), 188–191.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2016. Production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus by dietary and immersion treatment with Basella alba leaves and Tribulus terrestris seeds, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(1), 358–363.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2015. Efficacy of Basella alba and Tribulus terrestris extracts for production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(8), 152–158.
  • Ghosal I. & Chakraborty S. B. 2014. Effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Basella alba on sex reversal of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9(2), 162–164.
  • Golan M. & Levavi‐Sivan B. 2014. Artificial masculinization in tilapia involves androgen receptor activation, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 207, 50–55.
  • Guerrero A. 2017. Farmed Tilapia Production in the Philippines Is Declining: What Has Happened and What Can Be Done, Philippine Journal of Science, 148 (2), 11-15.
  • Guerrero R. & Shelton W. L. 1974. An Aceto-Carmine squash method for sexing juvenile fishes, The Progressive Fish Culturist, 36(1), 56.
  • Holst B. & Williamson G. 2008. Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19(2), 73–82.
  • Hoy L. D. & Benson W. H. 1998. Fish reproduction: An ecologically relevant indicator of endocrine disruption, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(1), 49–57.
  • Jordaan M. S. 2004. Variation in sex determination and the application of the YY male technology for the production of all-male populations of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • Kefi A. S. 2014. Influence of dietary soya beans (glycine max (l.) merr.) protein and lipid combination, and androgen (17 α–methyl testosterone) levels on the growth and reproduction of Oreochromis andersonii (Castelnau, 1861). PhD thesis, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.
  • Mair G., Abucay J., Abella T. A., Beardmore J. A. & Skibinski D. O. F. 1997. Genetic manipulation of sex ratio for the large-scale production of all-male tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54(2), 396–404.
  • Makkar H. P. S., Francis G., Becker K. 2007. Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems, Animal, 1, 1371–1391.
  • Marlatt V. L., Bayen S., Castañeda-Cortés D. C., Delbès G., Grigorova P., Langlois V. S., Martyniuk C. J., Metcalfe C. D., Parent L., Rwigemera A., Thomson P. & Van Der Kraak G. 2022. Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife and humans, Environmental Research, 208, 1-20.
  • Megbowon I. & Mojekwu T. 2014. Tilapia Sex Reversal Using Methyl Testosterone (MT) and its Effect on Fish, Man and Environment, Biotechnology (Faisalabad), 13(5), 213–216.
  • Moundipa P. F., Ngouela S., Kamtchouing P., Tsamo E., Tchouanguep F. M. & Carreau S. 2006. Effects of extracts from Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba mixture on testosterone production in vitro in adult rat testes slices, Asian Journal of Andrology, 8(1), 111–114.
  • Mukherjee D., Ghosal I., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2018. Dietary administration of plant extracts for production of monosex tilapia: Searching a suitable alternative to synthetic steroids in tilapia culture, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(2), 267–275.
  • Nantia E. A., Travert C., Manfo F. T., Carreau S., Monsees T. K. & Moundipa P. F. 2011. Effects of the Methanol Extract of Basella alba L (Basellaceae) on Steroid Production in Leydig Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(1), 376-384.
  • Nishimura T. & Tanaka M. 2016. The mechanism of germline sex determination in vertebrates, Biology of Reproduction, 95(1), 1-6.
  • Omar E. A., Yousef M. I., Srour T. M. & Mansour A. T. 2014. Effect of Dietary Natural Phytochemicals on Sex-reversal, Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry, Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 19(3), 428–441.
  • Radkhah A. R. & Eagderi, S. 2021a. A brief review of the geographic ranges and ecological effects of three major invasive cyprinid species in Iran. Journal of Fisheries, 9(3), 93301.
  • Radkhah A. R. & Eagderi S. 2021b. Ecological consequences of tilapia species on fish biodiversity of Iran and challenges arising from their introduction. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(4), 342-350.
  • Reverter M., Bontemps N., Lecchini D., Banaigs B. & Sasal P. 2014. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives, Aquaculture, 433, 50–61.
  • Rougeot C., Prignon C., Kengne C. V. N. & Mélard C. 2008. Effect of high temperature during embryogenesis on the sex differentiation process in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Aquaculture, 276(1–4), 205–208.
  • Stadtlander T., Levavi‐Sivan B., Kerem Z., Dweik H., Qutob M., Abu‐Lafi S., Francis G., Focken U. & Becker K. 2012. Effects of a saponin fraction extracted from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and two commercially available saponins on sex ratio and gonad histology of Nile tilapa fry, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(1), 265–267.
  • Van Hai N. 2015. The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review, Aquaculture, 446, 88–96.
  • Wassermann G. J. & Afonso L. O. 2002. Validation of the Aceto-carmine Technique for Evaluating Phenotypic Sex in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry, Ciencia Rural, 32(1), 133–139.
  • Yusuf N. S., Andayani S., Risjani Y. & Rahem Faqih A. 2019. Feed enriched with methanol extract of tongkat ali Eurycoma longifolia Jack root for masculinization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, AACL Bioflux, 12(5), 1481-1490.
  • Zhou X., Yang Z., Luo Z., Li H. & Chen G. 2019. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in wild freshwater fishes: Species, tissues, sizes and human health risks, Environmental Pollution, 244, 462–468.

Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 56 - 65, 30.06.2024

Abstract

The study evaluated the efficacy of Basella alba L. extract in inducing masculinization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry and eggs using oral administration and immersion techniques. Tilapia seedstocks were randomly assigned to negative control (no hormonal treatment), positive control (17α – methyltestosterone or 17α-MT), and B. alba extracts. Each treatment was administered via egg immersion, fry immersion, and oral administration, with the setup replicated three times. Yellow eggs were immersed for 96 hours in aqueous B. alba extract and 17α-MT hormone, while fish fry was immersed two hours weekly over 28 days. Oral administration involved feeding fish fry with feeds added with B. alba ethanol extract and 17α-MT. The study employed the standard acetocarmine squash technique of gonads to analyze the sex reversal percentage. The findings demonstrated that immersion of eggs and fry in Basella alba extract resulted in higher sex reversal percentages compared to orally treated fish fry, suggesting the effectiveness of both egg and fry immersion as masculinization techniques. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the percentage of males between groups treated with 17α-MT and those treated with B. alba extract, regardless of whether the treatment was administered orally or through immersion. These findings highlight the potential of Basella alba extract as a viable alternative to synthetic steroid hormones for achieving masculinization in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, egg and fry immersion can be considered an alternative technique to the traditional sex reversal method of feeding the fry with hormone-treated feeds.

References

  • Abaho I., Masembe C., Akoll P. & Jones C. L. W. 2021. The use of plant extracts to control tilapia reproduction: Current status and future perspectives, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 53(3), 593–619.
  • Abaho I., Akoll P., Jones C. L. W. & Masembe C. 2022. Dietary inclusion of pine pollen alters sex ratio and promotes the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758), Aquaculture Reports, 27, 1-10.
  • Ahmadoon H. G. a. B., Elawad A. N., Alamin A. M. & Babiker A. A. 2023. Chemical Composition of <i>Sphyraena barracuda</i> with Different Area, Size and Season, in Sudanese Red Sea Coast, Food and Nutrition Sciences, 14(05), 415–420.
  • Amer M. A., Zaki F. G., Tahoun A. & Said M. M. 2021. Effects of 17 α-Methyltestosterone and Tribulus Terrestris Extract on Sex Ratio and Gonads Histology of Red Tilapia Hybrid, Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 24(2), 189–198.
  • Arumugam M., Jayaraman S., Sridhar A., Venkatasamy V., Brown P. B., Abdul Kari Z., Tellez-Isaias G. & Ramasamy T. 2023. Recent Advances in Tilapia Production for Sustainable Developments in Indian Aquaculture and Its Economic Benefits, Fishes, 8(4), 176.
  • Asad F., Naz S., Ali T., Gul Y., Jamal R., Shaheen Z., Tasadaq M., Nadeem A., Anwar N., Batool N. & Bano S. 2024. Effect of natural and synthetic androgen hormone on sex reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Brazilian Journal of Biology, 84, 1-7.
  • Capel B. 2017. Vertebrate sex determination: evolutionary plasticity of a fundamental switch, Nature Reviews Genetics, 18(11), 675–689.
  • Chakraborty S. B., Horn P. A. & Hancz C. 2013. Application of phytochemicals as growth‐promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture, Reviews in Aquaculture, 6(1), 1–19.
  • Chakraborty S. B. & Hancz C. 2011. Application of phytochemicals as immunostimulant, antipathogenic and antistress agents in finfish culture, Reviews in Aquaculture, 3(3), 103–119.
  • Desprez D., Géraz E., Hoareau M. C., Mélard C., Bosc P. & Baroiller J. 2003. Production of a high percentage of male offspring with a natural androgen, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11βOHA4), in Florida red tilapia, Aquaculture, 216(1–4), 55–65.
  • FAO. 2022. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, FAO, Rome, Italy
  • Gabriel N. N., Qiang J., Yu X., He J., Xu P. & Omoregie E. 2016. Sex‐Reversal Effect of Dietary Aloe vera (Liliaceae) on Genetically Improved Farmed Nile Tilapia Fry, North American Journal of Aquaculture, 79(1), 100–105.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D. & Chakraborty S. B. 2020b. The effects of four plant extracts on growth, sex reversal, immunological and haemato‐biochemical parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochmomis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Aquaculture Research, 52(2), 559–576.
  • Ghosal I. & Chakraborty S. B. 2017. Production of Monosex All-Male Nile Tilapia Using Ethanol Extract of Tribulus terrestris Seeds, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73(2), 188–191.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2016. Production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus by dietary and immersion treatment with Basella alba leaves and Tribulus terrestris seeds, International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(1), 358–363.
  • Ghosal I., Mukherjee D., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2015. Efficacy of Basella alba and Tribulus terrestris extracts for production of monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(8), 152–158.
  • Ghosal I. & Chakraborty S. B. 2014. Effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Basella alba on sex reversal of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9(2), 162–164.
  • Golan M. & Levavi‐Sivan B. 2014. Artificial masculinization in tilapia involves androgen receptor activation, General and Comparative Endocrinology, 207, 50–55.
  • Guerrero A. 2017. Farmed Tilapia Production in the Philippines Is Declining: What Has Happened and What Can Be Done, Philippine Journal of Science, 148 (2), 11-15.
  • Guerrero R. & Shelton W. L. 1974. An Aceto-Carmine squash method for sexing juvenile fishes, The Progressive Fish Culturist, 36(1), 56.
  • Holst B. & Williamson G. 2008. Nutrients and phytochemicals: from bioavailability to bioefficacy beyond antioxidants, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19(2), 73–82.
  • Hoy L. D. & Benson W. H. 1998. Fish reproduction: An ecologically relevant indicator of endocrine disruption, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(1), 49–57.
  • Jordaan M. S. 2004. Variation in sex determination and the application of the YY male technology for the production of all-male populations of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
  • Kefi A. S. 2014. Influence of dietary soya beans (glycine max (l.) merr.) protein and lipid combination, and androgen (17 α–methyl testosterone) levels on the growth and reproduction of Oreochromis andersonii (Castelnau, 1861). PhD thesis, Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.
  • Mair G., Abucay J., Abella T. A., Beardmore J. A. & Skibinski D. O. F. 1997. Genetic manipulation of sex ratio for the large-scale production of all-male tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54(2), 396–404.
  • Makkar H. P. S., Francis G., Becker K. 2007. Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems, Animal, 1, 1371–1391.
  • Marlatt V. L., Bayen S., Castañeda-Cortés D. C., Delbès G., Grigorova P., Langlois V. S., Martyniuk C. J., Metcalfe C. D., Parent L., Rwigemera A., Thomson P. & Van Der Kraak G. 2022. Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife and humans, Environmental Research, 208, 1-20.
  • Megbowon I. & Mojekwu T. 2014. Tilapia Sex Reversal Using Methyl Testosterone (MT) and its Effect on Fish, Man and Environment, Biotechnology (Faisalabad), 13(5), 213–216.
  • Moundipa P. F., Ngouela S., Kamtchouing P., Tsamo E., Tchouanguep F. M. & Carreau S. 2006. Effects of extracts from Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba mixture on testosterone production in vitro in adult rat testes slices, Asian Journal of Andrology, 8(1), 111–114.
  • Mukherjee D., Ghosal I., Hancz C. & Chakraborty S. B. 2018. Dietary administration of plant extracts for production of monosex tilapia: Searching a suitable alternative to synthetic steroids in tilapia culture, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(2), 267–275.
  • Nantia E. A., Travert C., Manfo F. T., Carreau S., Monsees T. K. & Moundipa P. F. 2011. Effects of the Methanol Extract of Basella alba L (Basellaceae) on Steroid Production in Leydig Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(1), 376-384.
  • Nishimura T. & Tanaka M. 2016. The mechanism of germline sex determination in vertebrates, Biology of Reproduction, 95(1), 1-6.
  • Omar E. A., Yousef M. I., Srour T. M. & Mansour A. T. 2014. Effect of Dietary Natural Phytochemicals on Sex-reversal, Growth Performance, Feed Utilization and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry, Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 19(3), 428–441.
  • Radkhah A. R. & Eagderi, S. 2021a. A brief review of the geographic ranges and ecological effects of three major invasive cyprinid species in Iran. Journal of Fisheries, 9(3), 93301.
  • Radkhah A. R. & Eagderi S. 2021b. Ecological consequences of tilapia species on fish biodiversity of Iran and challenges arising from their introduction. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(4), 342-350.
  • Reverter M., Bontemps N., Lecchini D., Banaigs B. & Sasal P. 2014. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives, Aquaculture, 433, 50–61.
  • Rougeot C., Prignon C., Kengne C. V. N. & Mélard C. 2008. Effect of high temperature during embryogenesis on the sex differentiation process in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Aquaculture, 276(1–4), 205–208.
  • Stadtlander T., Levavi‐Sivan B., Kerem Z., Dweik H., Qutob M., Abu‐Lafi S., Francis G., Focken U. & Becker K. 2012. Effects of a saponin fraction extracted from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and two commercially available saponins on sex ratio and gonad histology of Nile tilapa fry, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29(1), 265–267.
  • Van Hai N. 2015. The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review, Aquaculture, 446, 88–96.
  • Wassermann G. J. & Afonso L. O. 2002. Validation of the Aceto-carmine Technique for Evaluating Phenotypic Sex in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry, Ciencia Rural, 32(1), 133–139.
  • Yusuf N. S., Andayani S., Risjani Y. & Rahem Faqih A. 2019. Feed enriched with methanol extract of tongkat ali Eurycoma longifolia Jack root for masculinization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, AACL Bioflux, 12(5), 1481-1490.
  • Zhou X., Yang Z., Luo Z., Li H. & Chen G. 2019. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in wild freshwater fishes: Species, tissues, sizes and human health risks, Environmental Pollution, 244, 462–468.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Lai Lanie Cungihan 0009-0001-4493-4679

Ventura Chinaman

Vincent Cariño

Haıdee Torio

Early Pub Date June 27, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date February 29, 2024
Acceptance Date June 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Cungihan, L. L., Chinaman, V., Cariño, V., Torio, H. (2024). Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(1), 56-65.
AMA Cungihan LL, Chinaman V, Cariño V, Torio H. Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques. EJAR. June 2024;8(1):56-65.
Chicago Cungihan, Lai Lanie, Ventura Chinaman, Vincent Cariño, and Haıdee Torio. “Efficacy of Basella Alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, no. 1 (June 2024): 56-65.
EndNote Cungihan LL, Chinaman V, Cariño V, Torio H (June 1, 2024) Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 8 1 56–65.
IEEE L. L. Cungihan, V. Chinaman, V. Cariño, and H. Torio, “Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques”, EJAR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 56–65, 2024.
ISNAD Cungihan, Lai Lanie et al. “Efficacy of Basella Alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research 8/1 (June 2024), 56-65.
JAMA Cungihan LL, Chinaman V, Cariño V, Torio H. Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques. EJAR. 2024;8:56–65.
MLA Cungihan, Lai Lanie et al. “Efficacy of Basella Alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques”. Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 56-65.
Vancouver Cungihan LL, Chinaman V, Cariño V, Torio H. Efficacy of Basella alba L. Extract on the Masculinization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Using Immersion and Oral Administration Techniques. EJAR. 2024;8(1):56-65.
Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research (EJAR)   ISSN: 2636-8226   Web: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejar   e-mail: agriculturalresearchjournal@gmail.com