Mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of obesity

Abstract

Obesity, a major health problem worldwide and characterized by excess fat accumulation in the body, sharply increases the risk of a number of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise have significant effects in combating obesity, long-term success in weight loss is extremely difficult to achieve and the prevalence of obesity continues to increase worldwide. Over the past few decades, the pathophysiology of obesity has been extensively investigated and an increasing number of signaling pathways have been associated with obesity, focusing on signaling pathways to combat obesity more effectively and precisely. While the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway contributes to appetite control, regulation of glucose levels and fat cell formation, it may also lead to the development of insulin resistance. The role of MAPK has been particularly emphasized in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and proliferation. Abnormal activation of this pathway may promote the development of obesity and contribute to insulin resistance. Research shows that there is a need for a better understanding of the relationships between signaling pathways, adipose tissue metabolism, and energy balance in the regulation of appetite. As a result, innovative and safe measures for obesity management need to be investigated. Signaling pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, and future studies need to focus more on this issue.

Keywords

• Obesity
• Signaling pathway
• MAPK signaling pathway
• PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Obezite patogenezinde mitojenle aktifleşen protein kinaz ve fosfatidilinositol 3-kinaz/akt sinyal yolları

Abstract

Dünya çapında önemli bir sağlık sorunu olan ve vücutta aşırı yağ birikmesiyle karakterize edilen obezite, tip 2 diyabet, kalp-damar hastalıkları ve alkole bağlı olmayan yağlı karaciğer hastalığı gibi bir dizi kronik hastalık riskini keskin bir şekilde artırır. Diyet ve egzersiz gibi yaşam tarzı müdahalelerinin obeziteyle mücadelede önemli etkileri olmasına rağmen, kilo vermede uzun vadeli başarıyı yakalamak son derece zordur ve obezite prevalansı dünya çapında artmaya devam etmektedir. Geçtiğimiz birkaç on yılda, obezitenin patofizyolojisi kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılmış ve artan sayıda sinyal yolu obezite ile ilişkilendirilmiş, obeziteyle daha etkili ve kesin bir şekilde mücadele etmek için sinyal yollarına odaklanılmıştır. Mitojenle aktifleşen protein kinaz (MAPK) sinyal yolu iştah kontrolüne, glukoz seviyelerinin düzenlenmesine ve yağ hücresi oluşumuna katkıda bulunurken aynı zamanda insülin direncinin gelişmesine de yol açabilir. MAPK'nın rolü özellikle hipotalamus ve yağ dokusunda vurgulanmıştır. Fosfatidilinositol 3-kinaz/AKT sinyal yolu, hücre büyümesinin ve çoğalmasının düzenlenmesinde kritik bir rol oynar. Bu yolun anormal aktivasyonu obezitenin gelişimini teşvik edebilir ve insülin direncine katkıda bulunabilir. Araştırmalar, iştahın düzenlenmesinde sinyal yolları, yağ dokusu metabolizması ve enerji dengesi arasındaki ilişkilerin daha iyi anlaşılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak obezite yönetimine yönelik yenilikçi ve güvenli önlemlerin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Sinyal yolakları obezitenin patogenezinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır ve gelecekteki çalışmaların bu konuya daha fazla odaklanması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Obezite
• Sinyal yolu
• MAPK sinyal yolu
• PI3K/AKT sinyal yolu

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