Urtica dioica Bitki Özütlerinin Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin İncelenmesi
Year 2020,
Volume: 3 Issue: (Suppl 1), 206 - 212, 31.12.2020
Sevilay Çolak
,
Nazan Çömlekcioğlu
,
Ashabil Aygan
Abstract
Urtica dioica (ısırgan otu) bitkisi endüstride, kozmetikte ve tıp alanında yaygın kullanıma sahip olup uzun zamandır halk tarafından fitoterapatik uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Ekonomik potansiyeli olmasına rağmen hala kültürü yapılmayıp yabani olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı yöntemlerle elde edilen ısırgan ekstraktlarının, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin yanı sıra eksraktların yağ içeriği GC-MS ile analiz edilmiştir. GC-MS analizi sonucunda 12 farklı yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Isırgan otu ekstraktlarının başlıca yağ asidi bileşenlerini linoleik asit (%61.40), oleik asit (%14.66) ve palmitik asit (%10.42) oluşturmaktadır. Ultrasonik banyonun, fermentasyon ve su ile kaynatma yöntemlerine nazaran ekstraktların biyoaktif içeriklerini ortaya çıkarmada daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. USB ileelde edilen bitki ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde değeri 13.26 mg g-1, toplam flavonoid miktarı 3.07 mg g-1, FRAP değeri 21.53 µg g-1 ve DPPH değeri 6.20 mg g-1 bulunmuştur. Antimikrobiyal aktivite sonuçlarına göre, etanol ekstraktı, suyla yapılan ekstraktlara göre bakteriler üzerine daha iyi bir inhibisyon etki gösterirken ekstraktların hiçbiri Candida albicans’a karşı etkinlik göstermemiştir.
References
- Abu-Reidah IM, Arraez-Roman D, Segura-Carretero A, Fernandez-Gutierrez A. 2013. Extensive characterisation of bioactive phenolic constituents from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Chem. 141:2269–2277.
- Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. 2012. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci. 196:67–76.
- Ayan Ali Kemal, Çalışkan Ömer, Çırak Cüneyt., Isırganotu (Urtica Spp.)’Nun Ekonomik Önemi Ve Tarımı, Omü Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 2006,21(3): 357-363 J. Of Fac. Of Agric., Omu, 2006,21(3): 357-363
- Baytop, T., 1999. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi. Nobel Tıp Yayınevi. 2. Baskı. İstanbul
- Benzie, I.F., and Strain, J.J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 239(1): 70-76.
- Blainski A, Lopes GC, De Mello JCP. (2013). Application and analysis of the Folin Ciocalteu method for the determination of the total phenolic content from Limonium brasiliense L. Molecules. 18: 68526865.
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., and Berset, C.L.W.T. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 28(1): 25-30.
- Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., and Chern, J.C. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 10(3): 178-182.
- Cheung LM, Cheung PCK, Ooi VEC. 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of edible mushroom extracts. Food Chem. 81:249–255
- Collins, C.H., Lyne, P.M. and Grange, J.M. 1989. Collins and Lyne’s Microbiological Methods, Sixth Edition, Butterworths Co. Ltd. London.
- Comlekcioglu, N., Kocabaş, Y.Z., Aygan, A. 2020. Kahramanmaraş’tan Toplanan Prunus divaricata subsp. Divaricata Ledeb. Meyvelerinin Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. ANADOLU, J. of AARI, 30 (1): 46-56. DOI: 10.18615/anadolu.
- Davis, P.H., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
- Dhouibi Raouia, Hanen Affes, Maryem Ben Salem, Serria Hammami, Zouheir Sahnoun, Halid Mounir Zeghal, Kamilia Ksouda Screening of pharmacological uses of Urtica dioica and others benefits, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia, 22.05.2019.
- Du, M., Ahn, D.U., Simultaneous Analysis of Tocopherols, Cholestrol and Phytostreols Using Gas Chromatography, Journal of Food Science, Vol.67, Nr.5, 2002
- Durak, I., Biri, H., Devrim, E., Sozen, S. & Avci, A. Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes signifcant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ter 3, 855–857 (2004).
- Đurović, S., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Radojković, M., Zeković Z. Isolation and GC Analysis of Fatty Acids: Study Case of Stinging Nettle Leaves. Carboxylic Acid: Key Role in Life Sciences, 69,2018.
- Eseceli, H., Değirmencioğlu, A., Kahraman, R., 2006. Omega Yağ Asitlerinin İnsan Sağlığı Yönünden Önemi. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs, Bolu, 403-406
- Esposito S.,Bianco A., Russo R., Di Maro A., Isernia C., Pedone P.V., Therapeutic Perspectives of Molecules from Urtica dioica Extracts for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2019, 24, 2753.
- Fattahi, S. et al. Antioxidant and apoptotic efects of an aqueous extract of Urtica dioica on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14, 5317–5323 (2013).
- Gul, S., Demirci, B., Baser, K. H., Akpulat, H. A. & Aksu, P. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic efects of essential oil from Urtica dioica L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88, 666–671, (2012).
- Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T., (edlr.), (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. İstanbul.
- Grauso L., Emrick S., Bonanomi G., Lanzotti V. (2019). Metabolomics of the alimurgic plants Taraxacum officinale, Papaver rhoeas and Urtica dioica by combined NMR and GC–MS analysis Phytochemical Analysis. 2019;30:535–546.
- Hossen I, Hua W, Ting L et al (2019) Phytochemicals and inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 7:1–25
- Huang X., Deng T., Moore M.J., Wang H., Li Z., Lin N., Yusupov Z., Tojibaev K.S., Wang Y., Sun H.(2019)Tropical Asian Origin, boreotropical migration and long-distance dispersal in Nettles (Urticeae, Urticaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 137, August 2019, Pages 190-199.
- Jinous, A. Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Urtica dioica. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 5714–5719, https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.540 (2012).
- Kan , Y., Orhan, İ., Koca, U., Özcelik, B., Aslan, S., Kartal, M., Küsmenoglu, i. (2009). Fatty Acid Profile And Antimicrobial Effect Of The Seed Oils Of Urtica Dioica And U. Pilulifera. Turk J.Phrm. Sci. 6 (1):21-30.
- Karakaş Sevda, Isırgan Otu Toprak Altı Ve Toprak Üstü Kısımlarından Isırgan Otu Ekstraktının Eldesi ve Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans – Mayıs 2003
- Kelley, N. S., Hubbard, N. E., Erickson, K. L. (2007). Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Cancer. The Journal of Nutrition. 137: 2599-2607
- Koczka N., D. Petersz , E. Stefanovits-Banyai (2012), Total Phenol Content And Antıoxıdant Capacıty (Frap) of Urtica dioica L. Leaf Extracts, ISHS Acta Horticulturae
1099: II International Symposium On Horticulture İnEurope.
- Konrad, L., Müller, H.H., Lenz, C., Laubinger, H., Aumuller, G., Lichius, J.J., Antiproliferative Effect on Human Prostate Cancer Cells by a Stinging Nettle Root (Urtica dioica) Extract, Planta Medica,Vol.66, Issue 1, p.44-47, Feb 2000
- Korkmaz Fettah, Isırgan Otu (Urtıca Dioica) Ekstresinin Kolon Kanseri Hücre Serileri Üzerindeki Apoptotik, Antiproliferatif Ve Antioksidan Etkilerinin Araştırılması, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2010- Ankara
- Kregiel, D., Pawlikowska, E., Antolak, H. Urtica spp.: Ordinary Plants with Extraordinary Properties. Molecules 2018, 23, 1664.
- Krystofova, O. et al. Efects of various doses of selenite on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Int J Environ Res Public Health 7, 3804–3815, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103804 (2010).
- Kukric ZZ, Topalic-Trivunovic LN, Kukavica BM, Matos SB, Pavicic SS, Boroja MM, Savic AV. 2012. Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Apteff. 43:259272.
- Lewis N.M., Seburg, S. ve Flanagan, N.L., (2000). Enriched eggs as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for humans. Poult. Sci., 79: 971-974.
- Manganelli, R.E.U., Zaccaro, L., Tomei, P.E., 2005. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98: 323-327
- Martinez-Aledo N., Navas-Carrillo D., Orenes-Pinero E. Medicinal plants: active compounds, properties and Antiproliferative effects in colorectal cancer. Phytochemistry Reviews, 1-15, 2020.
- Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., and Van Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem. 85(2): 231-237.
- Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Aghapour M et al (2016) The herbal medicine Urtica dioica inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cell line by inducing apoptosis and arrest at the G2/M phase. J Gastrointest Canc 47(2):187–195.
- Nahata, A. & Dixit, V. K. Ameliorative efects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia 44(Suppl 1), 396–409, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01197.x(2012).
- Prostate Cancer Fund (A Special Program Of Project Cure Foundation). Treatment Of Prostate Cancer With Natural Therapeutics, Edition 5, Jan. (2007) Washington, D.C. ML252FPREP.
- Pourmorad F., Hosseinimehr S.J., Shahabimajd N. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavovoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African journal of biotechnology 5 (11), 2006.
- Rita-Carvalho AR, Costa G, Figueirinha A et al (2017) Urtica spp.: phenolic composition, safety, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Int Food Res J 99(1):485–494
- Rivera-Rangel R.D., Gonzalez-Munoz M.P., Avila-Rodriguez M., Razo-Lazcano T.A., Solans C. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent. Colloids Surf A 536:60-67.
- Rochfort, S., Parker, A. J., Dunshea, F. R. (2008). Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity. Phytochemistry. 69: 299–322.
- Upton, R. Stinging nettles leaf (Urtica dioica L.): Extraordinary vegetable medicine. J Herb Med 3, 9–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hermed.2012.11.001 (2013).
- Wang M, Simon JE, Aviles IF, He K, Zheng QY, Tadmor Y. 2003. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 51:601–608.
Urtica dioica Bitki Özütlerinin Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin İncelenmesi
Year 2020,
Volume: 3 Issue: (Suppl 1), 206 - 212, 31.12.2020
Sevilay Çolak
,
Nazan Çömlekcioğlu
,
Ashabil Aygan
Abstract
Urtica dioica (ısırgan otu) bitkisi endüstride, kozmetikte ve tıp alanında yaygın kullanıma sahip olup uzun zamandır halk tarafından fitoterapatik uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Ekonomik potansiyeli olmasına rağmen hala kültürü yapılmayıp yabani olarak tüketilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı yöntemlerle elde edilen ısırgan ekstraktlarının, antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin yanı sıra eksraktların yağ içeriği GC-MS ile analiz edilmiştir. GC-MS analizi sonucunda 12 farklı yağ asidi belirlenmiştir. Isırgan otu ekstraktlarının başlıca yağ asidi bileşenlerini linoleik asit (%61.40), oleik asit (%14.66) ve palmitik asit (%10.42) oluşturmaktadır. Ultrasonik banyonun, fermentasyon ve su ile kaynatma yöntemlerine nazaran ekstraktların biyoaktif içeriklerini ortaya çıkarmada daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. USB ileelde edilen bitki ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde değeri 13.26 mg g-1, toplam flavonoid miktarı 3.07 mg g-1, FRAP değeri 21.53 µg g-1 ve DPPH değeri 6.20 mg g-1 bulunmuştur. Antimikrobiyal aktivite sonuçlarına göre, etanol ekstraktı, suyla yapılan ekstraktlara göre bakteriler üzerine daha iyi bir inhibisyon etki gösterirken ekstraktların hiçbiri Candida albicans’a karşı etkinlik göstermemiştir.
References
- Abu-Reidah IM, Arraez-Roman D, Segura-Carretero A, Fernandez-Gutierrez A. 2013. Extensive characterisation of bioactive phenolic constituents from globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Chem. 141:2269–2277.
- Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. 2012. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance. Plant Sci. 196:67–76.
- Ayan Ali Kemal, Çalışkan Ömer, Çırak Cüneyt., Isırganotu (Urtica Spp.)’Nun Ekonomik Önemi Ve Tarımı, Omü Zir. Fak. Dergisi, 2006,21(3): 357-363 J. Of Fac. Of Agric., Omu, 2006,21(3): 357-363
- Baytop, T., 1999. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi. Nobel Tıp Yayınevi. 2. Baskı. İstanbul
- Benzie, I.F., and Strain, J.J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 239(1): 70-76.
- Blainski A, Lopes GC, De Mello JCP. (2013). Application and analysis of the Folin Ciocalteu method for the determination of the total phenolic content from Limonium brasiliense L. Molecules. 18: 68526865.
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., and Berset, C.L.W.T. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 28(1): 25-30.
- Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., and Chern, J.C. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food Drug Anal. 10(3): 178-182.
- Cheung LM, Cheung PCK, Ooi VEC. 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of edible mushroom extracts. Food Chem. 81:249–255
- Collins, C.H., Lyne, P.M. and Grange, J.M. 1989. Collins and Lyne’s Microbiological Methods, Sixth Edition, Butterworths Co. Ltd. London.
- Comlekcioglu, N., Kocabaş, Y.Z., Aygan, A. 2020. Kahramanmaraş’tan Toplanan Prunus divaricata subsp. Divaricata Ledeb. Meyvelerinin Biyokimyasal Özellikleri ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. ANADOLU, J. of AARI, 30 (1): 46-56. DOI: 10.18615/anadolu.
- Davis, P.H., 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
- Dhouibi Raouia, Hanen Affes, Maryem Ben Salem, Serria Hammami, Zouheir Sahnoun, Halid Mounir Zeghal, Kamilia Ksouda Screening of pharmacological uses of Urtica dioica and others benefits, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia, 22.05.2019.
- Du, M., Ahn, D.U., Simultaneous Analysis of Tocopherols, Cholestrol and Phytostreols Using Gas Chromatography, Journal of Food Science, Vol.67, Nr.5, 2002
- Durak, I., Biri, H., Devrim, E., Sozen, S. & Avci, A. Aqueous extract of Urtica dioica makes signifcant inhibition on adenosine deaminase activity in prostate tissue from patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Biol Ter 3, 855–857 (2004).
- Đurović, S., Šorgić, S., Popov, S., Radojković, M., Zeković Z. Isolation and GC Analysis of Fatty Acids: Study Case of Stinging Nettle Leaves. Carboxylic Acid: Key Role in Life Sciences, 69,2018.
- Eseceli, H., Değirmencioğlu, A., Kahraman, R., 2006. Omega Yağ Asitlerinin İnsan Sağlığı Yönünden Önemi. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, 24-26 Mayıs, Bolu, 403-406
- Esposito S.,Bianco A., Russo R., Di Maro A., Isernia C., Pedone P.V., Therapeutic Perspectives of Molecules from Urtica dioica Extracts for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2019, 24, 2753.
- Fattahi, S. et al. Antioxidant and apoptotic efects of an aqueous extract of Urtica dioica on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14, 5317–5323 (2013).
- Gul, S., Demirci, B., Baser, K. H., Akpulat, H. A. & Aksu, P. Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic efects of essential oil from Urtica dioica L. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88, 666–671, (2012).
- Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., Babaç, M.T., (edlr.), (2012). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. İstanbul.
- Grauso L., Emrick S., Bonanomi G., Lanzotti V. (2019). Metabolomics of the alimurgic plants Taraxacum officinale, Papaver rhoeas and Urtica dioica by combined NMR and GC–MS analysis Phytochemical Analysis. 2019;30:535–546.
- Hossen I, Hua W, Ting L et al (2019) Phytochemicals and inflammatory bowel disease: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 7:1–25
- Huang X., Deng T., Moore M.J., Wang H., Li Z., Lin N., Yusupov Z., Tojibaev K.S., Wang Y., Sun H.(2019)Tropical Asian Origin, boreotropical migration and long-distance dispersal in Nettles (Urticeae, Urticaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 137, August 2019, Pages 190-199.
- Jinous, A. Phytochemistry and pharmacologic properties of Urtica dioica. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6, 5714–5719, https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.540 (2012).
- Kan , Y., Orhan, İ., Koca, U., Özcelik, B., Aslan, S., Kartal, M., Küsmenoglu, i. (2009). Fatty Acid Profile And Antimicrobial Effect Of The Seed Oils Of Urtica Dioica And U. Pilulifera. Turk J.Phrm. Sci. 6 (1):21-30.
- Karakaş Sevda, Isırgan Otu Toprak Altı Ve Toprak Üstü Kısımlarından Isırgan Otu Ekstraktının Eldesi ve Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans – Mayıs 2003
- Kelley, N. S., Hubbard, N. E., Erickson, K. L. (2007). Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers and Cancer. The Journal of Nutrition. 137: 2599-2607
- Koczka N., D. Petersz , E. Stefanovits-Banyai (2012), Total Phenol Content And Antıoxıdant Capacıty (Frap) of Urtica dioica L. Leaf Extracts, ISHS Acta Horticulturae
1099: II International Symposium On Horticulture İnEurope.
- Konrad, L., Müller, H.H., Lenz, C., Laubinger, H., Aumuller, G., Lichius, J.J., Antiproliferative Effect on Human Prostate Cancer Cells by a Stinging Nettle Root (Urtica dioica) Extract, Planta Medica,Vol.66, Issue 1, p.44-47, Feb 2000
- Korkmaz Fettah, Isırgan Otu (Urtıca Dioica) Ekstresinin Kolon Kanseri Hücre Serileri Üzerindeki Apoptotik, Antiproliferatif Ve Antioksidan Etkilerinin Araştırılması, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2010- Ankara
- Kregiel, D., Pawlikowska, E., Antolak, H. Urtica spp.: Ordinary Plants with Extraordinary Properties. Molecules 2018, 23, 1664.
- Krystofova, O. et al. Efects of various doses of selenite on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Int J Environ Res Public Health 7, 3804–3815, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7103804 (2010).
- Kukric ZZ, Topalic-Trivunovic LN, Kukavica BM, Matos SB, Pavicic SS, Boroja MM, Savic AV. 2012. Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Apteff. 43:259272.
- Lewis N.M., Seburg, S. ve Flanagan, N.L., (2000). Enriched eggs as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for humans. Poult. Sci., 79: 971-974.
- Manganelli, R.E.U., Zaccaro, L., Tomei, P.E., 2005. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98: 323-327
- Martinez-Aledo N., Navas-Carrillo D., Orenes-Pinero E. Medicinal plants: active compounds, properties and Antiproliferative effects in colorectal cancer. Phytochemistry Reviews, 1-15, 2020.
- Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P.R., and Van Beek, T.A. (2004). Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem. 85(2): 231-237.
- Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Aghapour M et al (2016) The herbal medicine Urtica dioica inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cell line by inducing apoptosis and arrest at the G2/M phase. J Gastrointest Canc 47(2):187–195.
- Nahata, A. & Dixit, V. K. Ameliorative efects of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia 44(Suppl 1), 396–409, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01197.x(2012).
- Prostate Cancer Fund (A Special Program Of Project Cure Foundation). Treatment Of Prostate Cancer With Natural Therapeutics, Edition 5, Jan. (2007) Washington, D.C. ML252FPREP.
- Pourmorad F., Hosseinimehr S.J., Shahabimajd N. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavovoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African journal of biotechnology 5 (11), 2006.
- Rita-Carvalho AR, Costa G, Figueirinha A et al (2017) Urtica spp.: phenolic composition, safety, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Int Food Res J 99(1):485–494
- Rivera-Rangel R.D., Gonzalez-Munoz M.P., Avila-Rodriguez M., Razo-Lazcano T.A., Solans C. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion and nano-emulsion using geranium leaf aqueous extract as a reducing agent. Colloids Surf A 536:60-67.
- Rochfort, S., Parker, A. J., Dunshea, F. R. (2008). Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity. Phytochemistry. 69: 299–322.
- Upton, R. Stinging nettles leaf (Urtica dioica L.): Extraordinary vegetable medicine. J Herb Med 3, 9–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hermed.2012.11.001 (2013).
- Wang M, Simon JE, Aviles IF, He K, Zheng QY, Tadmor Y. 2003. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 51:601–608.