Endothelin-1 and Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Predictor for Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

Given its broad role in cardiovascular diseases, ET-1 and its receptors are therapeutic targets. Endothelin receptor antagonists, such as bosentan and ambrisentan, have been developed to treat PAH and other cardiovascular disorders, underscoring ET-1’s significance in disease mechanisms and treatment strategies

Keywords

• Endothelin-1
• Gastrointestinal Bleeding

References

1. 1. Alpaslan M, Baykan N. Evaluation of Glaskow-Blatchford, Rockall Scores and Shock Index of Patients Admitted from the Emergency Department with A Diagnosis of Upper Gastrointestinal System Bleeding. Eurasian j Crit Care. September 2024;6(2):51-57. doi:10.55994/ejcc.1532796
2. 2. Orpen-Palmer J, Stanley AJ. Update on the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ Med. 2022 Sep 28;1(1):e000202. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000202.
3. 3. Erten M, Sevimli H, Akça HŞ, Algın A, Özdemir S, Eroğlu SE. A Rare Cause of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Secondary Aortoenteric Fistula. Abant Med J. 2020;9(2):65-8.
4. 4. Baugh CW, Sodickson AD, Kivlehan SM, Chen PC, Perencevich ML, Jesudian AB. A Novel Multidisciplinary Team Activation for Patients with Severe Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Creation of the Code GI Bleed Protocol. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2023 Apr 26;16:55-58. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S404247.
5. 5. Akça HŞ, Algın A, Özdemir S, Kolbaş F, Yılmaz E, Diler Y, Eroğlu SE. Effect of telestroke practices on short-term mortality in ischemic stroke patients. J Contemp Med. January 2022;12(1):127-133. doi:10.16899/jcm.973616
6. 6. Orpen-Palmer J, Stanley AJ. A Review of Risk Scores within Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. J Clin Med. 2023 May 26;12(11):3678. doi: 10.3390/jcm12113678
7. 7. Özkan A, Özsivri K, Özdemir S, Coşkun A. Validation of the Japan score in patients with upper gastrointestinal system bleeding and comparison with other scores. Ann Clin Anal Med 2023;14(9):854-8; DOI: 10.4328/ACAM.21834
8. 8. Boustany A, Alali AA, Almadi M, Martel M, Barkun AN. Pre-Endoscopic Scores Predicting Low-Risk Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2023 Aug 9;12(16):5194. doi: 10.3390/jcm12165194

9. 9. Yönak H, Özdemir S, Kokulu K, Akça HŞ, İslam MM, Algın A, Yunusov M, Eroğlu SE. Are AIMS65 and glasgow-blatchford scores useful in predicting health costs in patients admitted to emergency department with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective and observational study. J Exp Clin Med. May 2021;38(3):326-330.
10. 10. Wagih Shaltout S, Messery AE, Elshabrawi A, I Amin A, H Elshennawy M, Ibrahim Mortada M, ElSherbiny W, Elalfy H, Elhammady D. Can Endothelin-1 Levels in Patients with Esophageal Variceal Bleeding at Admission Predict Rebleeding Within 5 Days? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2024 Feb;35(2):136-142. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2024.23028.
11. 11. Nishiyama SK, Zhao J, Wray DW, Richardson RS. Vascular function and endothelin-1: tipping the balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 Feb 1;122(2):354-360. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00772.2016.
12. 12. Kowalczyk A, Kleniewska P, Kolodziejczyk M, Skibska B, Goraca A. The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2015 Feb;63(1):41-52. doi: 10.1007/s00005-014-0310-1.
13. 13. Freeman BD, Machado FS, Tanowitz HB, Desruisseaux MS. Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Life Sci. 2014 Nov 24;118(2):110-9. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.021.
14. 14. Haryono A, Ramadhiani R, Ryanto GRT, Emoto N. Endothelin and the Cardiovascular System: The Long Journey and Where We Are Going. Biology (Basel). 2022 May 16;11(5):759. doi: 10.3390/biology11050759.
15. 15. Nahar S, Kanda S, Chatha U, Odoma VA, Pitliya A, AlEdani EM, Bhangu JK, Javed K, Manshahia PK, Yu AK. Current Status of Endothelin Receptor Antagonists in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Combined Study Results and Pharmacology-Based Review. Cureus. 2023 Jul 31;15(7):e42748. doi: 10.7759/cureus.42748.
16. 16. Angus PW. Role of endothelin in systemic and portal resistance in cirrhosis. Gut. 2006 Sep;55(9):1230-2. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.088633.
17. 17. Møller S, Emmeluth C, Henriksen JH. Elevated circulating plasma endothelin-1 concentrations in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1993 Sep;19(2):285-90. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80584-7.