Research Article
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Feasibility Study on Rainwater Harvesting of Two Hotels in Different Locations and Features

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 88 - 97, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.55581/ejeas.1443606

Abstract

Protecting limited water resources and evaluating alternative water resources are among the important issues of today, as such, Water Efficiency Campaign has been declared in our country in 2023. In this context, rainwater harvesting, one of the accepted alternative options among urban nature-based solutions and green infrastructure applications that can save water from municipal lines in buildings, contribute to the protection of our natural water resources. In this study, the saving rates that may be obtained from the rainwater collected from the roofs of two different hotel complexes in Antalya and Izmir, especially through flush water and green area irrigation, as well as investment and operating costs, were studied in detail and payback periods were calculated. Both hotel examples are real cases; while the hotel in Izmir is a single multi-storey building at the planning stage whereas the hotel in Antalya is a holiday village and is an existing hotel spreading horizontally. The water collected from the roofs of the complex in Antalya was intended to be used entirely as flush water. In this case, it was found that 20% of flush water and 3% of total water consumption could be saved with a payback period of 16 years. In the Izmir Hotel, the situation of the same building both at the planning stage and under operation cases were also examined, and the payback periods were calculated as 9 years and 18 years, respectively. The water saving in this hotel is 12%. These feasible examples can be increased and applied to many building typologies; in fact, when evaluated together with the greywater reuse alternative, shorter payback periods may be possible as well as more water savings.

References

  • European Comission, A European Green Deal, striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. Priorities 2019-2024 (2019). https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/ priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en. (Son erişim tarihi: 05.02.2024).
  • Ghaffarian Hoseini, A., Tookey, J., Yusoff, S. M., & Hassan, N. B. (2016). State of the art of rainwater harvesting systems towards promoting green built environments: A review. Desalination Water Treatment, 57(1), 1–10.
  • Merville-Screeve, R., Ward, S., & Butler, D. (2016). Rainwater harvesting typologies for UK houses: A multi criteria analysis of system configurations. Water, 8, 129.
  • Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., & Fisher-Jeffes, L. N. (2017). Urban rainwater harvesting systems research: Implementation and future perspectives. Water Research, 115, 195–209.
  • Musayev, S., Burgess, E., & Mellor, J. (2018). A global performance assessment of rainwater harvesting under climate change. Resour. Conservation Recycl. 132, 62–70.
  • Vuppaladadiyam, A. K., Merayo, N., Prinsen, P., Luque, R., Blanco, A., & Zhao, M. (2019). A review on greywater reuse: Quality, risks, barriers and global scenarios. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technology, 18, 77–99.
  • Elhegazy, H., & Eid, M. M. M. (2020). A state-of-the-art-review on grey water management: A survey from 2000 to 2020s. Water Sci. Technol. 82 (12), 2786–2797.
  • Anuja, J., Darshan, B., & Meyyappan, N. (2021). Study on reuse of grey water- a review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1979 (012004).
  • Khajvand, M., Mostafazadeh, A. K., Drogui, P., Tyagi, R. D., & Brien, E. (2022). Greywater characteristics, impacts, treatment, and reclamation using adsorption processes towards the circular economy. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 29, 10966–11003.
  • Angelakis, A. N., & Bontoux, L. (2001). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Eureau countries. Water Policy, 3(1), 47–59.
  • Mizyed N.R., (2013). Challenges to treated wastewater reuse in arid and semi-arid areas. Environmental Science and Policy, 25, 186-195.
  • Ofori, S., Puškáčová, A., Růžičková, I., & Wanner, J. (2021). Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: Pros and cons. Sci. Total Environ. 760, 144026.
  • Navarro, T. (2018). Water reuse and desalination in Spain-challenges and opportunities. J. Water Reuse Desalination, 8 (2), 153–168.
  • Zhu, Z., Peng, D., & Wang, H. (2019). Seawater desalination in China: An overview. J. Water Reuse Desalination, 9 (2), 115-132.
  • Pistocchi, A., Bleninger, T., Breyer, C., Caldera, U., Dorati, C., & Ganora, D., (2020). Can seawater desalination be a win-win fix to our water cycle?, Water Research, 182 (1), 115906.
  • Novotny, V. (2013). Water-energy nexus: Retrofitting urban areas to achieve zero pollution. Build. Res. Inf. 41 (5), 589–604.
  • Eslamian, S. (2016). Urban water reuse handbook, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • United Nations (UN), Sustainable Development Goals. (2022). Available online: https://unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/sustainable-development (Son erişim tarihi: 23 August 2023).
  • Tanık A. (2021). Yapılar ve iç mekânda yağmur suyundan yararlanma yöntemleri, Marmara Belediyeler Birliği. https://marmara.gov.tr/uploads/old-site/2021/03/Aysegul-Baysal-Tanik.pdf (Son erişim tarihi: 05.02.2024).
  • Okhravi, S., Eslemian, S., & Adamowski, J., Water reuse in rainwater harvesting, In: Urban water reuse handbook. S. Eslemian (eds.), USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 787–804, 2016.
  • Poff, N. L., Brown, C. M., Grantham, T. E., Matthews, J. H., Palmer, M. A., & Spence, C. M., (2016). Sustainable water management under future uncertainty with ecoengineering decision scaling. Nat. Clim. Change, 6(1), 25–34.
  • Kagabika B.M. & Kankuyu O. (2021). Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Development of Households in City of Kigali: Case of Niboye Sector in Kicukiro-District. Open Access Library Journal, 8: e6567.
  • Oweis T., Prinz D., & Hachum A. (2001). Water harvesting: indigenous knowledge for the future of the drier environments. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA 2001 (pp. 40), Aleppo, Syria.
  • Pamuk. M.G., & Akkuzu E. (2008). Küresel Su Krizi ve Su Hasadı Teknikleri. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2), 75-85.
  • Tokuş, C. M. & Özdemir, G. ed. (2017). Yağmur Hasadı Uygulamalarına Giriş Rehberi: İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Kapsamında Bir Çözüm Önerisi, Peyzaj Araştırmaları Derneği, Ankara. ISBN: 978-605-84032-1-5.
  • Lancaster, B. (2008). Rainwater harvesting for drylands and beyond, In: Volume 2: Water-harvesting earthworks, Rainsource Press, 419 p.
  • Struk-Sokołowska, J., Gwoździej-Mazur, J., Jadwiszczak, P., Butarewicz, A., Ofman, P., Wdowikowski, M., & Kaźmierczak, B. (2020). The quality of stored rainwater for washing purposes. Water, 12(1), 252.
  • Campisano, A., & Modica, C. (2012). Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 63, 9- 16.
  • EPA (2010). Rainwater and Grey Water: Review of water quality standards and recommendations for the UK Raporu, The Government’s Market Transformation Programme (MTP), Environment Agency, UK.
  • Resmi Gazete, “Yağmursuyu Toplama, Depolama ve Deşarj Sistemleri Hakkında Yönetmelik”, 23.06.2017- No:30105
  • Resmi Gazete, “Planlı Alanlar İmar Yönetmeliği”, 23.01.2021-Değişiklik
  • Kılınç, E.A. Türkiye’de Alternatif Su Kaynaklarının Fizibilite Analizleri: Yağmursuyu Hasadı, Grisu Kullanımı (2024), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İTÜ Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • TÜBİTAK-MAM (2014). Türkiye Kıyılarında Yüzme Suyu Profillerinin Belirlenmesi Projesi, Bileşen 2: Turizmde Çevre Dostu Atıksu Yönetim Modelinin Oluşturulması – Fizibilite Raporu, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu Marmara Araştırma Merkezi. Ankara: T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı.
  • Ağaoğlu, O.K. (1992). İşgücünü Verimli Kullanma Tekniklerinin Turizm Sektörüne Uygulanması. Verimlilik Dergisi, Milli Prodüktivite Yayını No: 457, Ankara, ss.114.
  • Kantaroğlu, Ö., (2011). Yüksek Performanslı Binalarda Su Stratejileri, Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 17(22), 32
  • Doğangönül, C., & Doğangönül, Ö. (2009). Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli Yağmursuyu Kullanımı. Ankara: Teknik Yayınevi.
  • Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (1983). Temiz Su Tesisatı Hesap Kuralları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, TS 1258, Ekim 1983, 46 s.
  • Zavala, M. A. L., Vega, R. C., & Miranda, R. A. L. (2016). Potential of rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse for water consumption reduction and wastewater minimization. Water, 8 264.
  • Anchan, S. S., & Shiva Prasad, H. C. (2021). Feasibility of roof top rainwater harvesting potential-a case study of South Indian University. Clean. Eng. Technol. 4, 100206.
  • Aybuga, K., & Isıldar, G. Y. (2017). An evaluation of rain water harvesting and grey water reuse potential for Ankara. Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci., 8 (3), 209–216.
  • Zhang, L., Njepu, A., & Xia, X. (2021). Minimum cost solution to residential energy-water nexus through rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. J. Clean. Prod., 298, 126742.
  • Stec, A., & Slys, D. (2022). Financial and social factors influencing the use of unconventional water systems in single-family houses in eight European countries. Resources 11, 16.
  • Al-Saidi, M. (2021). From acceptance snapshots to the social acceptability process: Structuring knowledge on attitudes towards water reuse. Front. Environ. Sci. 9, 633841.
  • Al-Khatib, I. A., Al Shami, A. A. H. U., Garcia, G. R., & Celik, I. (2022). Social acceptance of greywater reuse in rural areas. Journal of Environmental Public Health, 1–11

İki Farklı Konum ve Özellikteki Otelde Yağmur Suyu Hasadı Üzerine Fizibilite Çalışması

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 88 - 97, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.55581/ejeas.1443606

Abstract

Kısıtlı su kaynaklarının korunması ve alternatif su kaynaklarının değerlendirilmesi günümüzün önemli konuları arasında olup, ülkemizde 2023 yılında Su Verimliliği Seferberliği ilan edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda kentsel doğa temelli çözümler ve yeşil altyapı uygulamaları arasında kabul gören alternatif seçeneklerden yağmur suyu hasadı ile binalarda şebeke suyundan su tasarrufu sağlanırken doğal su kaynaklarımızın da korunmasına katkı verilebilecektir. Bu çalışmada, Antalya ve İzmir illerimizdeki 2 farklı otel kompleksinin çatılarından toplanacak yağmur suyunun tesis içerisinde özellikle sifon suyu ve yeşil alan sulamaları ile elde edilecek tasarruf oranlarının yanı sıra, yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri detaylı olarak çalışılmış ve geri ödeme süreleri hesaplanmıştır. Her 2 otel örneği de gerçek vakalar olup, İzmir’deki otel planlama aşamasındaki çok katlı tek bir bina iken Antalya’daki otel bir tatil köyü niteliğinde olup, yatayda yayılmış mevcut ve faaliyetteki bir oteldir. Antalya’daki kompleksteki çatılardan toplanabilen suyun tamamen sifon suyu olarak kullanılması düşülmüştür. Bu durumda sifon suyundan %20, toplam su tüketiminde %3 tasarruf yapılabileceği ve geri ödeme süresinin 16 yıl olduğu bulunmuştur. İzmir’deki otelde ise planlanma aşamasındaki aynı binanın faaliyette olması durumu da incelenmiş olup, geri ödeme süreleri sırasıyla 9 yıl ve 18 yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu oteldeki su tasarrufu ise %12 olmaktadır. Fizibiliteleri yapılmış bu örnekler çoğaltılabilerek birçok bina tipolojisinde uygulanabilir; hatta grisu geri kullanımı alternatifi ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde daha fazla su tasarrufunun yanı sıra daha kısa geri ödeme süreleri söz konusu olabilmektedir.

References

  • European Comission, A European Green Deal, striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. Priorities 2019-2024 (2019). https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/ priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en. (Son erişim tarihi: 05.02.2024).
  • Ghaffarian Hoseini, A., Tookey, J., Yusoff, S. M., & Hassan, N. B. (2016). State of the art of rainwater harvesting systems towards promoting green built environments: A review. Desalination Water Treatment, 57(1), 1–10.
  • Merville-Screeve, R., Ward, S., & Butler, D. (2016). Rainwater harvesting typologies for UK houses: A multi criteria analysis of system configurations. Water, 8, 129.
  • Campisano, A., Butler, D., Ward, S., Burns Friedler, E., DeBusk, K., & Fisher-Jeffes, L. N. (2017). Urban rainwater harvesting systems research: Implementation and future perspectives. Water Research, 115, 195–209.
  • Musayev, S., Burgess, E., & Mellor, J. (2018). A global performance assessment of rainwater harvesting under climate change. Resour. Conservation Recycl. 132, 62–70.
  • Vuppaladadiyam, A. K., Merayo, N., Prinsen, P., Luque, R., Blanco, A., & Zhao, M. (2019). A review on greywater reuse: Quality, risks, barriers and global scenarios. Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technology, 18, 77–99.
  • Elhegazy, H., & Eid, M. M. M. (2020). A state-of-the-art-review on grey water management: A survey from 2000 to 2020s. Water Sci. Technol. 82 (12), 2786–2797.
  • Anuja, J., Darshan, B., & Meyyappan, N. (2021). Study on reuse of grey water- a review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1979 (012004).
  • Khajvand, M., Mostafazadeh, A. K., Drogui, P., Tyagi, R. D., & Brien, E. (2022). Greywater characteristics, impacts, treatment, and reclamation using adsorption processes towards the circular economy. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 29, 10966–11003.
  • Angelakis, A. N., & Bontoux, L. (2001). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Eureau countries. Water Policy, 3(1), 47–59.
  • Mizyed N.R., (2013). Challenges to treated wastewater reuse in arid and semi-arid areas. Environmental Science and Policy, 25, 186-195.
  • Ofori, S., Puškáčová, A., Růžičková, I., & Wanner, J. (2021). Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: Pros and cons. Sci. Total Environ. 760, 144026.
  • Navarro, T. (2018). Water reuse and desalination in Spain-challenges and opportunities. J. Water Reuse Desalination, 8 (2), 153–168.
  • Zhu, Z., Peng, D., & Wang, H. (2019). Seawater desalination in China: An overview. J. Water Reuse Desalination, 9 (2), 115-132.
  • Pistocchi, A., Bleninger, T., Breyer, C., Caldera, U., Dorati, C., & Ganora, D., (2020). Can seawater desalination be a win-win fix to our water cycle?, Water Research, 182 (1), 115906.
  • Novotny, V. (2013). Water-energy nexus: Retrofitting urban areas to achieve zero pollution. Build. Res. Inf. 41 (5), 589–604.
  • Eslamian, S. (2016). Urban water reuse handbook, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • United Nations (UN), Sustainable Development Goals. (2022). Available online: https://unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/sustainable-development (Son erişim tarihi: 23 August 2023).
  • Tanık A. (2021). Yapılar ve iç mekânda yağmur suyundan yararlanma yöntemleri, Marmara Belediyeler Birliği. https://marmara.gov.tr/uploads/old-site/2021/03/Aysegul-Baysal-Tanik.pdf (Son erişim tarihi: 05.02.2024).
  • Okhravi, S., Eslemian, S., & Adamowski, J., Water reuse in rainwater harvesting, In: Urban water reuse handbook. S. Eslemian (eds.), USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 787–804, 2016.
  • Poff, N. L., Brown, C. M., Grantham, T. E., Matthews, J. H., Palmer, M. A., & Spence, C. M., (2016). Sustainable water management under future uncertainty with ecoengineering decision scaling. Nat. Clim. Change, 6(1), 25–34.
  • Kagabika B.M. & Kankuyu O. (2021). Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Development of Households in City of Kigali: Case of Niboye Sector in Kicukiro-District. Open Access Library Journal, 8: e6567.
  • Oweis T., Prinz D., & Hachum A. (2001). Water harvesting: indigenous knowledge for the future of the drier environments. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA 2001 (pp. 40), Aleppo, Syria.
  • Pamuk. M.G., & Akkuzu E. (2008). Küresel Su Krizi ve Su Hasadı Teknikleri. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2), 75-85.
  • Tokuş, C. M. & Özdemir, G. ed. (2017). Yağmur Hasadı Uygulamalarına Giriş Rehberi: İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Kapsamında Bir Çözüm Önerisi, Peyzaj Araştırmaları Derneği, Ankara. ISBN: 978-605-84032-1-5.
  • Lancaster, B. (2008). Rainwater harvesting for drylands and beyond, In: Volume 2: Water-harvesting earthworks, Rainsource Press, 419 p.
  • Struk-Sokołowska, J., Gwoździej-Mazur, J., Jadwiszczak, P., Butarewicz, A., Ofman, P., Wdowikowski, M., & Kaźmierczak, B. (2020). The quality of stored rainwater for washing purposes. Water, 12(1), 252.
  • Campisano, A., & Modica, C. (2012). Optimal sizing of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting in Sicily. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 63, 9- 16.
  • EPA (2010). Rainwater and Grey Water: Review of water quality standards and recommendations for the UK Raporu, The Government’s Market Transformation Programme (MTP), Environment Agency, UK.
  • Resmi Gazete, “Yağmursuyu Toplama, Depolama ve Deşarj Sistemleri Hakkında Yönetmelik”, 23.06.2017- No:30105
  • Resmi Gazete, “Planlı Alanlar İmar Yönetmeliği”, 23.01.2021-Değişiklik
  • Kılınç, E.A. Türkiye’de Alternatif Su Kaynaklarının Fizibilite Analizleri: Yağmursuyu Hasadı, Grisu Kullanımı (2024), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İTÜ Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • TÜBİTAK-MAM (2014). Türkiye Kıyılarında Yüzme Suyu Profillerinin Belirlenmesi Projesi, Bileşen 2: Turizmde Çevre Dostu Atıksu Yönetim Modelinin Oluşturulması – Fizibilite Raporu, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu Marmara Araştırma Merkezi. Ankara: T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı.
  • Ağaoğlu, O.K. (1992). İşgücünü Verimli Kullanma Tekniklerinin Turizm Sektörüne Uygulanması. Verimlilik Dergisi, Milli Prodüktivite Yayını No: 457, Ankara, ss.114.
  • Kantaroğlu, Ö., (2011). Yüksek Performanslı Binalarda Su Stratejileri, Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 17(22), 32
  • Doğangönül, C., & Doğangönül, Ö. (2009). Küçük ve Orta Ölçekli Yağmursuyu Kullanımı. Ankara: Teknik Yayınevi.
  • Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (1983). Temiz Su Tesisatı Hesap Kuralları, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, TS 1258, Ekim 1983, 46 s.
  • Zavala, M. A. L., Vega, R. C., & Miranda, R. A. L. (2016). Potential of rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse for water consumption reduction and wastewater minimization. Water, 8 264.
  • Anchan, S. S., & Shiva Prasad, H. C. (2021). Feasibility of roof top rainwater harvesting potential-a case study of South Indian University. Clean. Eng. Technol. 4, 100206.
  • Aybuga, K., & Isıldar, G. Y. (2017). An evaluation of rain water harvesting and grey water reuse potential for Ankara. Sigma J. Eng. Nat. Sci., 8 (3), 209–216.
  • Zhang, L., Njepu, A., & Xia, X. (2021). Minimum cost solution to residential energy-water nexus through rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling. J. Clean. Prod., 298, 126742.
  • Stec, A., & Slys, D. (2022). Financial and social factors influencing the use of unconventional water systems in single-family houses in eight European countries. Resources 11, 16.
  • Al-Saidi, M. (2021). From acceptance snapshots to the social acceptability process: Structuring knowledge on attitudes towards water reuse. Front. Environ. Sci. 9, 633841.
  • Al-Khatib, I. A., Al Shami, A. A. H. U., Garcia, G. R., & Celik, I. (2022). Social acceptance of greywater reuse in rural areas. Journal of Environmental Public Health, 1–11
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmentally Sustainable Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elif Ayyüce Kılınç 0009-0007-6903-7193

Asude Hanedar 0000-0003-4827-5954

Aysegul Tanık 0000-0002-0319-0298

Erdem Görgün 0000-0002-3445-0419

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date February 27, 2024
Acceptance Date September 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2