Impact of spatial factors on climate variables and species distribution in forest ecosystems under sea influence of Eastern Blacksea Region

Year 2018, , 83 - 97, 26.10.2018

Ayhan Usta , Murat Yılmaz Yavuz Kocamanoğlu , Esengül Genç

https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.439424

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The distribution and characteristics of forest ecosystems are largely under the influence of climate. Climate directly affects the growth, leaf area and form, fenology and plant life, from seed to seedling formation. Climate varies from global scale to regional and local scales. Climate also has feedback mechanisms that can revert the changing vegetation back to its original state, through the changes it can create on vegetation. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the distribution of tree species in the highland which is under the influence of the sea in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Trabzon Mountains and Rize-Kaçkar Mountains sites in the Eastern Black Sea Region, and spatial factors (altitude, distance from sea and latitude) and climate variables. The climate data, such as precipitation, temperature (average, minimum and maximum) and number of foggy days, of meteorological stations at different altitudes in coastal and mountainous areas under the influence of the sea were used in the study. 100 m increase in altitude led to a decrease in 26.9 mm precipitation in the Canik-Giresun Mountains, a decrease in 87.0 mm precipitation in the Rize-Kaçkar Mountains, and an average temperature decrease of 0.4^oC in sites. The decrease in annual precipitations reaches 70 mm in Trabzon Mountains, 100 mm in Canik-Giresun Mountains and 290 mm in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains at a distance of 10 km away from the coast. Statistical increases were determined in the number of foggy days depending on the altitude and distance from the sea.

In the research area, at 3^rd altitude step where the distance from the sea and altitude are extreme, Scots pine, Oriental Spruce and Fir are spread in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Oriental Spruce and Scots pine are spread in Trabzon Mountains, and Oriental Spruce, Oriental Beech and Fir are spread in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains. Despite the decreasing amount of precipitation along with the increase in altitude and distance from the sea, the fog cloud in high mountainous areas plays an important ecological role in the conservation and distribution of these species.

Keywords

Sites, altitude, latitude, distance from the sea, precipitation, temperature

Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin deniz etkisi altındaki orman ekosistemlerinde tür dağılımı ve iklim değişkenleri üzerine konum faktörlerinin etkisi

Abstract

Orman ekosistemlerinin dağılımı ve özellikleri büyük
ölçüde iklimin etkisi altındadır. İklim, tohumdan fidan teşekkülüne, büyümeyi,
yaprak alanı ve formunu, fenolojiyi ve bitki hayatını doğrudan etkiler. İklim,
küresel ölçekten bölgesel ve yerel ölçeğe farklılık gösterir. İklimin,
vejetasyon üzerinde meydana getirebileceği değişiklikler yoluyla, değişen
vejetasyonu tekrar orijinal haline döndürebilecek geri besleme mekanizmaları da
vardır. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü’nde Canik-Giresun Dağları, Trabzon
Dağları ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağları yetişme ortamlarında deniz etkisi altındaki
dağlık arazide ağaç türlerinin yayılışı ile konum faktörleri (yükselti,
denizden uzaklık, enlem) ve iklim değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerin
araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, deniz etkisi altında kıyı ve dağlık
alanlarda farklı yükseltilerdeki meteoroloji istasyonlarının yağış, sıcaklık
(ortalama, minimum ve maksimum) ve sisli günler sayısı gibi iklim verilerinden
yararlanılmıştır. Yükseltideki 100 m artış Canik-Giresun Dağları’nda 26.9 mm,
Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 87,0 mm yağışta düşüşe; yetişme ortamlarında ortalama
olarak 0,4 oC ortalama sıcaklık düşüşüne sebep olmuştur. Yıllık yağışlardaki
düşüş, sahilden 10 km uzaklaşıldığında, Trabzon Dağları’nda 70 mm,
Canik-Giresun Dağlarında 100 mm ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 290 mm’ye
ulaşmaktadır. Yükselti ve denizden uzaklığa bağlı olarak sisli gün sayısında
istatistiksel olarak artışlar belirlenmiştir.

Araştırma alanında, denizden uzaklığın ve yükseltinin
ekstrem olduğu III. yükselti basamağında, Canik-Giresun dağlarında Sarıçam,
Doğu Ladini ve Göknar, Trabzon dağlarında Doğu Ladini ve Sarıçam, Rize-Kaçkar
Dağlarında Doğu Ladini, Doğu Kayını ve Göknar yayılış göstermektedir. Yükselti
ve denizden uzaklığın artması ile düşen yağış miktarına rağmen, yüksek dağlık
alanlardaki sis bulutu bu türlerin korunmasında ve yayılışında önemli ekolojik
bir rol üstlenmektedir.

Keywords

Yetişme ortamları, yükselti, enlem, denizden uzaklık, yağış, sıcaklık

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