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Composition, structure and productivity of the herbaceous vegetation of five forest stands varying in soil moisture and nitrogen in Central Himalaya, India

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 29 - 42, 26.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.841095

Abstract

Herb layer contributes significantly to the species diversity of forest ecosystem and reacts rapidly to changes in the soil characteristics. Composition, structural parameters and productivity of the herbaceous vegetation of five forest stands in the Central Himalaya of India, situated at Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India were investigated. At each site, 1 ha plot was established and herbaceous vegetation was analysed by placing 30 random quadrats of 50x50 cm at each site. To determine the soil moisture and soil nitrogen, soil samples were collected from each site and analysed in the laboratory. The aim of the present investigation was to comprehend the dependency among herb density, diversity, biomass, soil moisture and total soil nitrogen. Results showed that chosen sites contrasted in terms of soil moisture, total soil nitrogen, herbaceous diversity, and biomass. In this study, 70 genera, 73 species from 31 families of herbs were recorded. Total number of herbaceous species recorded in the stands varied from 28 (PI and HG) to 50 (TA).Total individuals of all herb species were 110, 114,141, 164 and 188 plants m-2 in RU, HG, PI, BP and TA forest stands, respectively. Index of similarity and species turnover ranged from 34.48 to 62.50 and 0.31 to 0.54 respectively. Herb density, diversity and biomass showed positive correlation with soil moisture and soil nitrogen. These findings suggested that the soil moisture and nitrogen enhanced the herbaceous diversity by ameliorating soil conditions. This study also demonstrated a straight relationship between herbaceous diversity and biomass indicating the significance of species diversity for ample generation of biomass in forest ecosystem.

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

Authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital for providing necessary facilities and Tea Development Board, Bhowali, Nainital for chemical analysis.

References

  • Bargali, K., Joshi, B., Bargali, S.S., Singh, S.P. (2014). Diversity within Oaks. International Oaks, 25, 57-70. Bargali, K., Joshi, B., Bargali, S.S., Singh, S.P. (2015a). Oaks and the biodiversity they sustain. International Oaks, 26, 65-76.
  • Bargali, K., Maurya, N. R. Bargali S.S. (2015b). Effect of a Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Shrub on Herbaceous Vegetation in a Mixed Conifer Forest of Central Himalaya. Current World Environment 10(3): 957-966.
  • Bargali, S.S., Bargali, K. (2000). Diversity and biomass of the under story vegetation in an age series of Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26, 173-181.
  • Behera, S.K., Misra, M.K. (2006). Aboveground tree biomass in a recovering tropical sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forest of Eastern Ghats, India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(6), 509–521.
  • Bushing, R.T., Brokaw, N. (2002). Tree species diversity in temperate and tropical forests gaps: the role of lottery recruitment. Folia Geobotanica, 37, 33-43.
  • Chen, L., Huang, Z., Gong, J., Fu, B., Huang, Y. (2007). The effect of land coverage vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau, China. Catena, 70(2):200-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Catena.2006.08.007
  • Das, D.K., Chaturvedi, O.P., Mandal, M.P., Kumar, R. (2008). Effect of tree plantation on biomass and primary productivity of herbaceous vegetation in eastern India. Tropical Ecology, 49, 95-101.
  • García-Baquero, G., Silvertown, J., Gowing, D.J., Valle, C.J. (2016). Dissecting the hydrological niche: soil moisture, space and lifespan. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27, 219-226.
  • Garduño, H.R., Fernald, A.G., Cibils, A.F., VanLeeuwen, D.M. (2010). Response of understory vegetation and soil moisture to infrequent heavy defoliation of chemically thinned juniper woodland. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(2), 291-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.005
  • Gillet, F., Murisier, B., Buttler, A., Gallandat, J., Gobat, J. (1999). Influence of tree cover on the diversity of herbaceous communities in subalpine wooded pastures. Applied Vegetation Science, 2, 47-54.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2006). Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition. Journal of Ecology, 94, 1176–1191.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2007). The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 5, 7845-7858.
  • Gray, A.N., Spies, T.A., Easter, M.J. (2002). Microclimatic and soil moisture responses to gapformation in coastal Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 332–343.
  • Grime, J.P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Wiley, New York.
  • Harper, J.L., Hawksworth, D.L. (1994). Biodiversity: measurement and estimation. Preface. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 345, 5-12.
  • Huston, M. (1979). A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist, 113, 81-101.
  • Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L., Oraon, P.R. (2013). Herbaceous diversity in proposed mining area of Rowghat in Narayanpur District of Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 5(4), 385-393.
  • Karki, H., Rana, P., Bargali, K., Bargali S.S. Rawat Y.S. (2016). Effect of Biotic Disturbances on Herbaceous Vegetation in Cypress Mixed Oak Forests of Central Himalaya, India. Current World Environment 11(2): 413-422.
  • Keddy, P.A. (1989). Competition. Chapman & Hall, New York.
  • Kershaw, K.A. (1973). Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology. Edward Arnold Ltd. London 308.
  • Khera, N., Kumar. A., Ram, J., Tewari, A. (2001). Plant biodiversity assessment in relation to disturbances in mid elevational forest of Central Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology, 42, 83-95.
  • Kong, W., Sun, O.J., Xu, W., Chen, Y. (2009). Changes in vegetation and landscape patterns with altered river water-flow in arid West China. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(3), 306-13. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jaridenv.2008.10.003
  • Legates, D.R., Mahmood, R., Levia, D.F., DeLiberty, T.L., Quiring, S.M, Houser, C. (2010). Soil moisture: A central and unifying theme in physical geography. Progress in Physical Geography, 35(1):65-86. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0309133310386514
  • Lv, P., Dong, Z. (2011). Study of the windbreak effect of shrubs as a function of shrub cover and height. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66(7):1791-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1402-4
  • Maestre, F., Escudero, A. (2010). Is the patch size distribution of vegetation a suitable indicator of desertification processes? Ecology, 91(12), 3742-5. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2096.1
  • Maguire, D.A., Forman, R.T.T. (1983). Herb cover effects on tree seedling patterns in a mature Hemloch-Hardwood Forest. Ecology, 64, 1367-1380.
  • Migała, K., Wojtuń, B., Szymański, W., Muskała, P. (2014). Soil moisture and temperature. variation under different types of tundra vegetation during the growing season: a case study from the Fuglebekken catchment, SW Spitsbergen. Catena, 116, 10-18.
  • Misra, R. (1968). Ecology Workbook. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. Calcutta.
  • Montaña, C., Cavagnaro, B., Briones, O. (1995). Soil water use by co-existing shrubs and grasses in the Southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 31, 1-13.
  • Morecroft, M.D., Taylo, R.M.E., Oliver, H.R. (1998). Air and soil microclimates of deciduous woodland compared to an open site. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 90, 141-156.
  • Muller, R.N. (2003). Nutrient relation of the herbaceous layer in deciduous forest ecosystems: In: Gillam, F.S., Roberts, M.R. (eds) The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York pp, 15-37.
  • Musa, A., Jiang, D., Niu, C. (2014). The applicable density of sand-fixing shrub plantation in Horqin Sand Land of Northeastern China. Ecological Engineering, 64(1), 250-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2013.12.026
  • Pandey R., Vibhuti, Karki H., Awasthi P., Bargali K., Bargali, S.S. (2018) Effect of Wildfire on Herbaceous Vegetation in Cypress Mixed Oak Forest of Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Current Trends in Forest Research: CTFR-121. DOI: 10.29011/2638-0013. 100021
  • Parihaar, R.S., Bargali, K., Bargali, S.S. (2014). Diversity and uses of Ethno-medicinal plants associated with traditional agroforestry systems in Kumaun Himalaya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 84(12), 1470-1476.
  • Peach, K., Tracey, M.V. (1956). Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Vol. 1. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  • Peng, Y., Fan, M., Song, J., Cui, T., Li, R. (2018). Assessment of plant species diversity based on hyperspectral indices at a fine scale. Scientific Reports, 8, 1-11.
  • Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S. (2003). Tree species composition, dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in dry tropical forest region of India. Forest Ecology & Management, 186: 61-71.
  • Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S. (2008a). Comparison of community composition and species diversity of understorey and overstorey tree species in a dry tropical forest of northern India. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 1037-1046.
  • San Jose, J.J., Farinas, M.R. (1991). Temporal changes in the structure of a Trachypogon savanna protected for 25 years. Acta Ecologica, 12, 237-247.
  • Schnitzer, S.A., Carson, W.P. (2001) Tree fall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest. Ecology, 82, 913-919.
  • Schoomaker, P., Mckee, A. (1988). Species composition and diversity during secondary succession of coniferous forests in the western cascade Mountains of Oregon. Forest science, 34, 960-979.
  • Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.
  • Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S.R. (2006). Ecology environment and resource conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi
  • Small, C.J., McCarthy, B.C. (2005). Relationship of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA. Forest ecology and management, 217(2-3), 229-243.
  • Smith, N.G., Schuster, M.J. Dukes, J.S. (2016). Rainfall variability and nitrogen additionsynergistically reduce plant diversity in a restored tall grass prairie. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53:579–586.
  • Smith, R.L. (1974). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper and Row, New York, NY. 850.
  • Song, Y.T., Zhou, D.W., Zhang, H.X., Li, G.D., Jin, Y.H., Li, Q. (2013). Effects of vegetation height and density on soil temperature variations. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58, 907-912.
  • Taf, D.S., de Andrade, L.A., Freitas, H., Da, S.S.A. (2017). Biological Invasion Influences the Outcome of Plant-Soil Feedback in the Invasive Plant Species from the Brazilian Semi-arid. Microbial Ecology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0999-6 PMID: 28560606
  • Tilman, D. (1982). Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • van Swaay, C.A.M. (2002). The importance of calcareous grasslands for butterflies in Europe. Biological Conservation, 104, 315-318.
  • Wang, T., Wedin, D.A., Franz, T.E., Hiller, J. (2015). Effect of vegetation on the temporal stability of soil moisture in grass-stabilized semi-arid sand dunes. Journal of Hydrology, 521, 447-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.037
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251.
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1970). Communities and Ecosystems, Macmillan, New York.
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1965). Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science, 147, pp. 250-260.
  • Xiong, S., Johansson, M.E., Hughes, F.M.R., Hayes, A., Richards, K.S., Nilsson, C., (2003). Interactive effects of soil moisture, vegetation canopy, plant litter and seed addition on plant diversity in a wetland community. Journal of Ecology, 91, 976–986.
  • Xu, X., Zhang, Q., Tan, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X. (2015). Effects of water-table depth and soil moisture on plant biomass, diversity, and distribution at a seasonally flooded wetland of Poyang Lake, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 25, 739-756.
  • Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Chen, W., Wang, J. (2014). Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation restoration in semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Catena, 115, 123-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. catena.2013.12.005
  • Zhang, X.F., Zhao, L., Xu, S.J.Jr., Liu, Y.Z., Liu, H.Y., Cheng, G.D. (2013). Soil moisture effect on bacterial and fungal community in Beilu River (Tibetan Plateau) permafrost soils with different vegetation types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 114(4), 1054-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12106 PMID: 23241008.
  • Zhuang, W.W., Serpe, M., Zhang, Y.M. (2015). The effect of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three plant species in a temperate desert of northwest China. Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany), 17(6), 1165-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12359 PMID: 26084731.
Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 29 - 42, 26.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.841095

Abstract

Project Number

None

References

  • Bargali, K., Joshi, B., Bargali, S.S., Singh, S.P. (2014). Diversity within Oaks. International Oaks, 25, 57-70. Bargali, K., Joshi, B., Bargali, S.S., Singh, S.P. (2015a). Oaks and the biodiversity they sustain. International Oaks, 26, 65-76.
  • Bargali, K., Maurya, N. R. Bargali S.S. (2015b). Effect of a Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Shrub on Herbaceous Vegetation in a Mixed Conifer Forest of Central Himalaya. Current World Environment 10(3): 957-966.
  • Bargali, S.S., Bargali, K. (2000). Diversity and biomass of the under story vegetation in an age series of Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26, 173-181.
  • Behera, S.K., Misra, M.K. (2006). Aboveground tree biomass in a recovering tropical sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forest of Eastern Ghats, India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(6), 509–521.
  • Bushing, R.T., Brokaw, N. (2002). Tree species diversity in temperate and tropical forests gaps: the role of lottery recruitment. Folia Geobotanica, 37, 33-43.
  • Chen, L., Huang, Z., Gong, J., Fu, B., Huang, Y. (2007). The effect of land coverage vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau, China. Catena, 70(2):200-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Catena.2006.08.007
  • Das, D.K., Chaturvedi, O.P., Mandal, M.P., Kumar, R. (2008). Effect of tree plantation on biomass and primary productivity of herbaceous vegetation in eastern India. Tropical Ecology, 49, 95-101.
  • García-Baquero, G., Silvertown, J., Gowing, D.J., Valle, C.J. (2016). Dissecting the hydrological niche: soil moisture, space and lifespan. Journal of Vegetation Science, 27, 219-226.
  • Garduño, H.R., Fernald, A.G., Cibils, A.F., VanLeeuwen, D.M. (2010). Response of understory vegetation and soil moisture to infrequent heavy defoliation of chemically thinned juniper woodland. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(2), 291-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.005
  • Gillet, F., Murisier, B., Buttler, A., Gallandat, J., Gobat, J. (1999). Influence of tree cover on the diversity of herbaceous communities in subalpine wooded pastures. Applied Vegetation Science, 2, 47-54.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2006). Response of the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems to excess nitrogen deposition. Journal of Ecology, 94, 1176–1191.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2007). The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 5, 7845-7858.
  • Gray, A.N., Spies, T.A., Easter, M.J. (2002). Microclimatic and soil moisture responses to gapformation in coastal Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32, 332–343.
  • Grime, J.P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Wiley, New York.
  • Harper, J.L., Hawksworth, D.L. (1994). Biodiversity: measurement and estimation. Preface. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 345, 5-12.
  • Huston, M. (1979). A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist, 113, 81-101.
  • Jhariya, M.K., Bargali, S.S., Swamy, S.L., Oraon, P.R. (2013). Herbaceous diversity in proposed mining area of Rowghat in Narayanpur District of Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 5(4), 385-393.
  • Karki, H., Rana, P., Bargali, K., Bargali S.S. Rawat Y.S. (2016). Effect of Biotic Disturbances on Herbaceous Vegetation in Cypress Mixed Oak Forests of Central Himalaya, India. Current World Environment 11(2): 413-422.
  • Keddy, P.A. (1989). Competition. Chapman & Hall, New York.
  • Kershaw, K.A. (1973). Quantitative and dynamic plant ecology. Edward Arnold Ltd. London 308.
  • Khera, N., Kumar. A., Ram, J., Tewari, A. (2001). Plant biodiversity assessment in relation to disturbances in mid elevational forest of Central Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology, 42, 83-95.
  • Kong, W., Sun, O.J., Xu, W., Chen, Y. (2009). Changes in vegetation and landscape patterns with altered river water-flow in arid West China. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(3), 306-13. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jaridenv.2008.10.003
  • Legates, D.R., Mahmood, R., Levia, D.F., DeLiberty, T.L., Quiring, S.M, Houser, C. (2010). Soil moisture: A central and unifying theme in physical geography. Progress in Physical Geography, 35(1):65-86. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0309133310386514
  • Lv, P., Dong, Z. (2011). Study of the windbreak effect of shrubs as a function of shrub cover and height. Environmental Earth Sciences, 66(7):1791-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1402-4
  • Maestre, F., Escudero, A. (2010). Is the patch size distribution of vegetation a suitable indicator of desertification processes? Ecology, 91(12), 3742-5. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2096.1
  • Maguire, D.A., Forman, R.T.T. (1983). Herb cover effects on tree seedling patterns in a mature Hemloch-Hardwood Forest. Ecology, 64, 1367-1380.
  • Migała, K., Wojtuń, B., Szymański, W., Muskała, P. (2014). Soil moisture and temperature. variation under different types of tundra vegetation during the growing season: a case study from the Fuglebekken catchment, SW Spitsbergen. Catena, 116, 10-18.
  • Misra, R. (1968). Ecology Workbook. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company. Calcutta.
  • Montaña, C., Cavagnaro, B., Briones, O. (1995). Soil water use by co-existing shrubs and grasses in the Southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 31, 1-13.
  • Morecroft, M.D., Taylo, R.M.E., Oliver, H.R. (1998). Air and soil microclimates of deciduous woodland compared to an open site. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 90, 141-156.
  • Muller, R.N. (2003). Nutrient relation of the herbaceous layer in deciduous forest ecosystems: In: Gillam, F.S., Roberts, M.R. (eds) The herbaceous layer in forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York pp, 15-37.
  • Musa, A., Jiang, D., Niu, C. (2014). The applicable density of sand-fixing shrub plantation in Horqin Sand Land of Northeastern China. Ecological Engineering, 64(1), 250-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2013.12.026
  • Pandey R., Vibhuti, Karki H., Awasthi P., Bargali K., Bargali, S.S. (2018) Effect of Wildfire on Herbaceous Vegetation in Cypress Mixed Oak Forest of Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Current Trends in Forest Research: CTFR-121. DOI: 10.29011/2638-0013. 100021
  • Parihaar, R.S., Bargali, K., Bargali, S.S. (2014). Diversity and uses of Ethno-medicinal plants associated with traditional agroforestry systems in Kumaun Himalaya. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 84(12), 1470-1476.
  • Peach, K., Tracey, M.V. (1956). Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Vol. 1. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
  • Peng, Y., Fan, M., Song, J., Cui, T., Li, R. (2018). Assessment of plant species diversity based on hyperspectral indices at a fine scale. Scientific Reports, 8, 1-11.
  • Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S. (2003). Tree species composition, dispersion and diversity along a disturbance gradient in dry tropical forest region of India. Forest Ecology & Management, 186: 61-71.
  • Sagar, R., Raghubanshi, A.S., Singh, J.S. (2008a). Comparison of community composition and species diversity of understorey and overstorey tree species in a dry tropical forest of northern India. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 1037-1046.
  • San Jose, J.J., Farinas, M.R. (1991). Temporal changes in the structure of a Trachypogon savanna protected for 25 years. Acta Ecologica, 12, 237-247.
  • Schnitzer, S.A., Carson, W.P. (2001) Tree fall gaps and the maintenance of species diversity in a tropical forest. Ecology, 82, 913-919.
  • Schoomaker, P., Mckee, A. (1988). Species composition and diversity during secondary succession of coniferous forests in the western cascade Mountains of Oregon. Forest science, 34, 960-979.
  • Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. (1963). The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.
  • Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S.R. (2006). Ecology environment and resource conservation. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi
  • Small, C.J., McCarthy, B.C. (2005). Relationship of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA. Forest ecology and management, 217(2-3), 229-243.
  • Smith, N.G., Schuster, M.J. Dukes, J.S. (2016). Rainfall variability and nitrogen additionsynergistically reduce plant diversity in a restored tall grass prairie. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53:579–586.
  • Smith, R.L. (1974). Ecology and Field Biology. Harper and Row, New York, NY. 850.
  • Song, Y.T., Zhou, D.W., Zhang, H.X., Li, G.D., Jin, Y.H., Li, Q. (2013). Effects of vegetation height and density on soil temperature variations. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58, 907-912.
  • Taf, D.S., de Andrade, L.A., Freitas, H., Da, S.S.A. (2017). Biological Invasion Influences the Outcome of Plant-Soil Feedback in the Invasive Plant Species from the Brazilian Semi-arid. Microbial Ecology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0999-6 PMID: 28560606
  • Tilman, D. (1982). Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • van Swaay, C.A.M. (2002). The importance of calcareous grasslands for butterflies in Europe. Biological Conservation, 104, 315-318.
  • Wang, T., Wedin, D.A., Franz, T.E., Hiller, J. (2015). Effect of vegetation on the temporal stability of soil moisture in grass-stabilized semi-arid sand dunes. Journal of Hydrology, 521, 447-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.12.037
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon, 21, 213-251.
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1970). Communities and Ecosystems, Macmillan, New York.
  • Whittaker, R.H. (1965). Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science, 147, pp. 250-260.
  • Xiong, S., Johansson, M.E., Hughes, F.M.R., Hayes, A., Richards, K.S., Nilsson, C., (2003). Interactive effects of soil moisture, vegetation canopy, plant litter and seed addition on plant diversity in a wetland community. Journal of Ecology, 91, 976–986.
  • Xu, X., Zhang, Q., Tan, Z., Li, Y., Wang, X. (2015). Effects of water-table depth and soil moisture on plant biomass, diversity, and distribution at a seasonally flooded wetland of Poyang Lake, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 25, 739-756.
  • Yang, L., Wei, W., Chen, L., Chen, W., Wang, J. (2014). Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation restoration in semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Catena, 115, 123-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. catena.2013.12.005
  • Zhang, X.F., Zhao, L., Xu, S.J.Jr., Liu, Y.Z., Liu, H.Y., Cheng, G.D. (2013). Soil moisture effect on bacterial and fungal community in Beilu River (Tibetan Plateau) permafrost soils with different vegetation types. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 114(4), 1054-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12106 PMID: 23241008.
  • Zhuang, W.W., Serpe, M., Zhang, Y.M. (2015). The effect of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three plant species in a temperate desert of northwest China. Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany), 17(6), 1165-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12359 PMID: 26084731.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pankaj Awasthı 0000-0002-0213-231X

Kiran Bargali This is me 0000-0002-8554-8803

Surendra Singh Bargali 0000-0001-6341-0945

Project Number None
Publication Date February 26, 2021
Submission Date December 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Awasthı, P., Bargali, K., & Bargali, S. S. (2021). Composition, structure and productivity of the herbaceous vegetation of five forest stands varying in soil moisture and nitrogen in Central Himalaya, India. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 9(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.841095

E-mail: Hbarist@gmail.com 

ISSN: 2147-7493

Eurasian Journal of Forest Science © 2013 is licensed under CC BY 4.0