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The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review

Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 15 - 22, 02.01.2016

Abstract

The use of treated urban wastewater as a resource for irrigation water is a practice widely employed in arid and semi-arid regions of the world but also one that is expected to become more diffuse due to the reduction of water resources and the climax in the competition for water. Researchers’ interests are, thus, focused on investigating the effects of the method under question on the crops on which it is applied. This review presents the main research findings on the topic with a specific focus on research carried out in Greece. The general conclusion of the present review is that the use of treated urban wastewater in irrigation can have beneficial effects on most crop yields, provided that quality characteristics of both treated wastewater and crops are sufficiently monitored.

References

  • FAO, Crops and Drops: Making the Best Use for Agriculture, 2002, FAO, Rome, Italy.
  • Guardiola-Claramonte, M., Sato, T., Choukr-Allah, R., &Qadir, M., 2012, “Wastewater production, treatment and reuse around the Mediterranean region: current status and main drivers”, In: Integrated Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region (pp. 139-174), Springer Netherlands.
  • Levine, A.D. and Asano, T., 2004, “Recovering sustainable water from wastewater”. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 38, pp. 201A–208A.
  • Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcon, J.J., Koukoulakis, P. and Asano, T., 2010, “Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 97, pp.1233–1241.
  • Pereira, B.F.F., He, Z.L., Silva, M.S., Herpin, U., Nogueira, S.F., Montes, C.R. and Melfi, A.J., 2011, “Reclaimed wastewater: impact on soil-plant system under tropical conditions”, Journal of Hazardous materials, vol. 192, pp. 54–61
  • Angin, I., Yaganoglu, P., and Turan, M., 2005, “Effects of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil properties”, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, vol. 26, pp. 31–42.
  • Capra, A. and Scicolone, B., 2004, “Emitter and filter tests for wastewater reuse by drip irrigation”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 68, pp. 135–149.
  • Koumartsiotou M., 2009, “Needs and water reuse in Greece”, Postgraduate thesis, Interdisciplinary-Interdepartmental Postgraduate Studies (IPPS) "Environment and Development", NTUA
  • California Water Planning, 2009, Department of Water Resources, State of California, 2009. Available at: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/cwpu2009/index.cfm, Accesed: 29/11/2015
  • Chang, D.H. and Ma, Z., 2012, “Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Beijing: influence factors and policy implications”, Desalination, vol. 297, pp. 72–78.
  • Cirelli, G.L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F. and Leonardi, C., 2012, “Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 104, pp. 163– 170.
  • M.D. 145116/(2011) - Establishment of measures, conditions and procedures for the reuse of treated wastewater and other provisions (Government Gazette 354 / B / 03.08.2011).
  • Candela, L., Fabregat, S., Josa, A., Suriol, J., Vigues, N. and Mas, J., 2007, “Assessment of soil and groundwater impacts by treated urban wastewater reuse. A case study: Application in a golf course (Girona, Spain)”, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 374, pp. 26-35.
  • Toze, S., 2006, “Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 80, pp. 140–159.
  • Zhang, L. and Liu, Z., 1989, “A methodological research on environmental impact assessment of sewage irrigation region”, Chinese Environmental Science, vol. 9, pp. 298–303
  • Chen, W., Lu, S., Jiao, W., Wang, M., Chang, A.C., 2013, “Reclaimed water: A safe irrigation water source?”, Environmental Development, vol. 8, pp. 74–83
  • Kiziloglu, F., Tuean, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapali, O., and Okuroglu, M., 2007, “Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olereacea var. capitate cv. Yavola-1) chemical properties”, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol. 170, pp. 166–172.
  • Akponikpe, P.B.I., Wima, K., Yacouba, H. and Mermoud, A., 2011, “Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: benefits and risks”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 98, pp. 834–840
  • Gwenzi, W., and Munondo, R., 2008, “Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on nutrient status of a sandy soil in Zimbabwe”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 82, pp. 197–207
  • Kim, S., Park, S., Lee, J., Benham, B., and Kim, H., 2007, “Modeling and assessing the impact of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on the nutrition loads from an agricultural watershed containing rice paddy fields”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 42, pp. 305–315.
  • Lubello, C., Gori, R., Nicese, F.P. and Ferrini, F., 2004, “Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation”, Water Research, vol. 38, pp.2939–2947.
  • Mañas, P., Castro, E., Heras J De las, 2009, “Irrigation with treated wastewater: effects on soil, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) crop and dynamics of microorganisms”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 44, pp. 1261–1273.
  • Qian, Y.L. and Mecham, B., 2005, “Long-term effects of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties on golf course fairways”, Agronomy Journal, vol. 97, pp. 717–721
  • Rezapour, S., and Samadi, A., 2011, “ Soil quality response to long-term wastewater irrigation in inceptisols from a semi-arid environment”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 91, pp. 269–280
  • Sacks, M., and Bernstein, N., 2011, “Utilization of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field-grown melons by surface and subsurface drip irrigation”, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 59, pp. 159–169.
  • Cirelli, G.L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F. and Leonardi, C., 2012, “Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 104, pp.163– 170.
  • Rusan, M. J. M., Sami, H. and Rousan, L., 2007, “Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage cropson soil and plant quality parameters”, Desalination, vol. 215, pp. 143-152.
  • Zema, D.A., Bombino, G, Andiloro, S. and Zimbone, S.M., 2012, “Irrigation of energy crops with urban wastewater: Effects on biomass yields, soils and heating values”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 115, pp. 55-65.
  • Yi, L. L., Jiao, W. T., Chen, X. N., Chen, W. P., 2011, “An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China”, Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 23(10), pp. 1585–1593
  • Duncan, R.R., Carrow, R.N., Huck, M.T., 2009, Turfgrass and Landscape Irrigation Water Quality: Assessment and Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Jueschke, E., Marschner, B., Tarchitzky, J., Chen, Y., 2008, “Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the dissolved and soil organic carbon in Israeli soils”, Water Science Technology, vol. 57, pp. 727–733.
  • Gatica, J., and Cytryn, E., 2013, “Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on antibiotic resistance in the soil microbiome”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 20(6), pp. 3529–3538.
  • Chen, W.P., Wu, L.S., Frankenberger, W.T.J. and Chang A.C., 2008, “Soil enzyme activities of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigated soils”, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 37, pp. 36–42
  • Pan, N., Hou, Z.A., Chen, W.P., Jiao, W.T., Peng, C., and Liu W., 2012, “Study on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon in greenland irrigation with reclaimed water”, Environmental Science, vol. 33, pp. 4081–4087.
  • Martinez S, Perez-Parra J, Suay R., 2011, “Use of ozone in wastewater treatment to produce water suitable for irrigation”, Water Resources Management, vol. 25, 2109–2124.
  • Mohammad, M., and Mazahreh N., 2003, “Changes in soil fertility parameters in response to irrigation of forage crops with secondary treated wastewater”, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 34, pp. 181–1294.
  • Graber, E, Ben-Arie, O, and Wallach, R., 2006, “Effect of simple disturbance on soil water repellency determination in sandy soils”, Geoderma, vol. 136, pp. 11–19.
  • Tarchitzky, J., Lerner, O., Shani, U., Arye, G., Lowengart-Aycicegi, A., Brener, A., and Chen Y., 2007, “Water distribution pattern in treated wastewater irrigated soils: hydrophobicity effect”, European Journal of Soil Science, vol. 58, pp. 573–588.
  • Mavridou, Α., Vantarakis, Α., Smeti, E., Christopoulou, A.-M., Mplougoura, A., Schiejven, J., 2015, “Qualitative microbiological risk assessment for wastewater reuse for irrigation in Greece”, e-Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 10(2).
  • Panoras, C., Paraskevas, II., And Panoras, A., 2006b, “Investigation in the availability of Thermaikos Bay and reuse in agriculture of treated wastewater urban area of Thessaloniki”. Hydrotechnica, E.Y.E., vol. 16, pp. 61-72.
  • Palacios-Díaz, M.P. Mendoza-Grimón, V. Fernández-Vera, J.R. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F. Tejedor-Junco, M.T. and Hernández-Moreno, J.M., 2009, “Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 96, pp. 1659–1666
  • Morugán-Coronado, A. García-Orenes, F. Mataix-Solera, J. Arcenegui, V. Mataix-Beneyto J., 2011, “Short-term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on Mediterranean calcareous soil”, Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 112, pp. 18–26
  • Gupta S, Satpati S, Nayek S, Garai D., 2010, “Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 165, pp. 169–177.
  • Wang, Q., Cui, Y., Liu, X., Dong, Y., and Christie, P., 2006, “Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites in China”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, vol. 38, pp. 823–838.
  • Kalavrouziotis, I.K. and Drakatos, P.A., 2002, “Irrigation of certain Mediterranean plants with heavy metals”, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 18(3), pp. 294–300
  • Shahalam A., Abu Zahra B.M. and Jeradat A., 1998, “Wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: A pilot scale study at Irbid, Jordan”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 106, pp. 425-445.
  • Chen F, Ying G, Kong L, Wang L, Zhao J, Zhou L, Zhang L., 2011, “Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 159, pp. 1490–1498.
  • Hey G, Ledin A, la Cour JJ, Andersen H., 2012, “Removal of pharmaceuticals in biologically treated wastewater by chlorine dioxide or peracetic acid”, Environmental Technology, vol. 33, pp. 1041–1047.
  • Panoras, A., Eugenides, C., Bladenopoulou, S., Mellidou, B., Doitsinis, A., Samaras, I., Zdragkas, A., Panoras, C., 2006a, “Reuse of treated sewage for irrigation of maize”, Hydrotechnica, E.Y.E., vol. 16, pp. 21-32.
  • Tsagarakis, K.P., Dialynas, G.E. and Angelakis, A.N., 2004, “Water resources management in Crete (Greece) including water recycling and reuse and proposed quality criteria”, Agricultural water management, vol. 66 (1), pp. 35-47.
  • Panoras, A., Elias, A., 1999, Irrigation with treated urban waste water, Ed. Giachoudi - Giapoulis, Thessaloniki, 190 p.
  • Mavrogianopoulos, G. and Kyritsis, S., 1995, Use of municipal wastewater for biomass production. Project report of Agricultural University of Athens.
  • Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., McCornick, P., Drechsel,P. Bahri, A. and Minhasf, P., 2010, “The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 97, pp. 561-568.
Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 15 - 22, 02.01.2016

Abstract

References

  • FAO, Crops and Drops: Making the Best Use for Agriculture, 2002, FAO, Rome, Italy.
  • Guardiola-Claramonte, M., Sato, T., Choukr-Allah, R., &Qadir, M., 2012, “Wastewater production, treatment and reuse around the Mediterranean region: current status and main drivers”, In: Integrated Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region (pp. 139-174), Springer Netherlands.
  • Levine, A.D. and Asano, T., 2004, “Recovering sustainable water from wastewater”. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 38, pp. 201A–208A.
  • Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcon, J.J., Koukoulakis, P. and Asano, T., 2010, “Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 97, pp.1233–1241.
  • Pereira, B.F.F., He, Z.L., Silva, M.S., Herpin, U., Nogueira, S.F., Montes, C.R. and Melfi, A.J., 2011, “Reclaimed wastewater: impact on soil-plant system under tropical conditions”, Journal of Hazardous materials, vol. 192, pp. 54–61
  • Angin, I., Yaganoglu, P., and Turan, M., 2005, “Effects of long-term wastewater irrigation on soil properties”, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, vol. 26, pp. 31–42.
  • Capra, A. and Scicolone, B., 2004, “Emitter and filter tests for wastewater reuse by drip irrigation”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 68, pp. 135–149.
  • Koumartsiotou M., 2009, “Needs and water reuse in Greece”, Postgraduate thesis, Interdisciplinary-Interdepartmental Postgraduate Studies (IPPS) "Environment and Development", NTUA
  • California Water Planning, 2009, Department of Water Resources, State of California, 2009. Available at: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/cwpu2009/index.cfm, Accesed: 29/11/2015
  • Chang, D.H. and Ma, Z., 2012, “Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Beijing: influence factors and policy implications”, Desalination, vol. 297, pp. 72–78.
  • Cirelli, G.L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F. and Leonardi, C., 2012, “Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 104, pp. 163– 170.
  • M.D. 145116/(2011) - Establishment of measures, conditions and procedures for the reuse of treated wastewater and other provisions (Government Gazette 354 / B / 03.08.2011).
  • Candela, L., Fabregat, S., Josa, A., Suriol, J., Vigues, N. and Mas, J., 2007, “Assessment of soil and groundwater impacts by treated urban wastewater reuse. A case study: Application in a golf course (Girona, Spain)”, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 374, pp. 26-35.
  • Toze, S., 2006, “Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 80, pp. 140–159.
  • Zhang, L. and Liu, Z., 1989, “A methodological research on environmental impact assessment of sewage irrigation region”, Chinese Environmental Science, vol. 9, pp. 298–303
  • Chen, W., Lu, S., Jiao, W., Wang, M., Chang, A.C., 2013, “Reclaimed water: A safe irrigation water source?”, Environmental Development, vol. 8, pp. 74–83
  • Kiziloglu, F., Tuean, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapali, O., and Okuroglu, M., 2007, “Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olereacea var. capitate cv. Yavola-1) chemical properties”, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol. 170, pp. 166–172.
  • Akponikpe, P.B.I., Wima, K., Yacouba, H. and Mermoud, A., 2011, “Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: benefits and risks”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 98, pp. 834–840
  • Gwenzi, W., and Munondo, R., 2008, “Long-term impacts of pasture irrigation with treated sewage effluent on nutrient status of a sandy soil in Zimbabwe”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 82, pp. 197–207
  • Kim, S., Park, S., Lee, J., Benham, B., and Kim, H., 2007, “Modeling and assessing the impact of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on the nutrition loads from an agricultural watershed containing rice paddy fields”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 42, pp. 305–315.
  • Lubello, C., Gori, R., Nicese, F.P. and Ferrini, F., 2004, “Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation”, Water Research, vol. 38, pp.2939–2947.
  • Mañas, P., Castro, E., Heras J De las, 2009, “Irrigation with treated wastewater: effects on soil, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) crop and dynamics of microorganisms”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 44, pp. 1261–1273.
  • Qian, Y.L. and Mecham, B., 2005, “Long-term effects of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties on golf course fairways”, Agronomy Journal, vol. 97, pp. 717–721
  • Rezapour, S., and Samadi, A., 2011, “ Soil quality response to long-term wastewater irrigation in inceptisols from a semi-arid environment”, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 91, pp. 269–280
  • Sacks, M., and Bernstein, N., 2011, “Utilization of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field-grown melons by surface and subsurface drip irrigation”, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 59, pp. 159–169.
  • Cirelli, G.L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F. and Leonardi, C., 2012, “Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 104, pp.163– 170.
  • Rusan, M. J. M., Sami, H. and Rousan, L., 2007, “Long term effect of wastewater irrigation of forage cropson soil and plant quality parameters”, Desalination, vol. 215, pp. 143-152.
  • Zema, D.A., Bombino, G, Andiloro, S. and Zimbone, S.M., 2012, “Irrigation of energy crops with urban wastewater: Effects on biomass yields, soils and heating values”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 115, pp. 55-65.
  • Yi, L. L., Jiao, W. T., Chen, X. N., Chen, W. P., 2011, “An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China”, Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 23(10), pp. 1585–1593
  • Duncan, R.R., Carrow, R.N., Huck, M.T., 2009, Turfgrass and Landscape Irrigation Water Quality: Assessment and Management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Jueschke, E., Marschner, B., Tarchitzky, J., Chen, Y., 2008, “Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the dissolved and soil organic carbon in Israeli soils”, Water Science Technology, vol. 57, pp. 727–733.
  • Gatica, J., and Cytryn, E., 2013, “Impact of treated wastewater irrigation on antibiotic resistance in the soil microbiome”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 20(6), pp. 3529–3538.
  • Chen, W.P., Wu, L.S., Frankenberger, W.T.J. and Chang A.C., 2008, “Soil enzyme activities of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigated soils”, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 37, pp. 36–42
  • Pan, N., Hou, Z.A., Chen, W.P., Jiao, W.T., Peng, C., and Liu W., 2012, “Study on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass carbon in greenland irrigation with reclaimed water”, Environmental Science, vol. 33, pp. 4081–4087.
  • Martinez S, Perez-Parra J, Suay R., 2011, “Use of ozone in wastewater treatment to produce water suitable for irrigation”, Water Resources Management, vol. 25, 2109–2124.
  • Mohammad, M., and Mazahreh N., 2003, “Changes in soil fertility parameters in response to irrigation of forage crops with secondary treated wastewater”, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 34, pp. 181–1294.
  • Graber, E, Ben-Arie, O, and Wallach, R., 2006, “Effect of simple disturbance on soil water repellency determination in sandy soils”, Geoderma, vol. 136, pp. 11–19.
  • Tarchitzky, J., Lerner, O., Shani, U., Arye, G., Lowengart-Aycicegi, A., Brener, A., and Chen Y., 2007, “Water distribution pattern in treated wastewater irrigated soils: hydrophobicity effect”, European Journal of Soil Science, vol. 58, pp. 573–588.
  • Mavridou, Α., Vantarakis, Α., Smeti, E., Christopoulou, A.-M., Mplougoura, A., Schiejven, J., 2015, “Qualitative microbiological risk assessment for wastewater reuse for irrigation in Greece”, e-Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 10(2).
  • Panoras, C., Paraskevas, II., And Panoras, A., 2006b, “Investigation in the availability of Thermaikos Bay and reuse in agriculture of treated wastewater urban area of Thessaloniki”. Hydrotechnica, E.Y.E., vol. 16, pp. 61-72.
  • Palacios-Díaz, M.P. Mendoza-Grimón, V. Fernández-Vera, J.R. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F. Tejedor-Junco, M.T. and Hernández-Moreno, J.M., 2009, “Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 96, pp. 1659–1666
  • Morugán-Coronado, A. García-Orenes, F. Mataix-Solera, J. Arcenegui, V. Mataix-Beneyto J., 2011, “Short-term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on Mediterranean calcareous soil”, Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 112, pp. 18–26
  • Gupta S, Satpati S, Nayek S, Garai D., 2010, “Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 165, pp. 169–177.
  • Wang, Q., Cui, Y., Liu, X., Dong, Y., and Christie, P., 2006, “Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites in China”. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, vol. 38, pp. 823–838.
  • Kalavrouziotis, I.K. and Drakatos, P.A., 2002, “Irrigation of certain Mediterranean plants with heavy metals”, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 18(3), pp. 294–300
  • Shahalam A., Abu Zahra B.M. and Jeradat A., 1998, “Wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment: A pilot scale study at Irbid, Jordan”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 106, pp. 425-445.
  • Chen F, Ying G, Kong L, Wang L, Zhao J, Zhou L, Zhang L., 2011, “Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China”, Environmental Pollution, vol. 159, pp. 1490–1498.
  • Hey G, Ledin A, la Cour JJ, Andersen H., 2012, “Removal of pharmaceuticals in biologically treated wastewater by chlorine dioxide or peracetic acid”, Environmental Technology, vol. 33, pp. 1041–1047.
  • Panoras, A., Eugenides, C., Bladenopoulou, S., Mellidou, B., Doitsinis, A., Samaras, I., Zdragkas, A., Panoras, C., 2006a, “Reuse of treated sewage for irrigation of maize”, Hydrotechnica, E.Y.E., vol. 16, pp. 21-32.
  • Tsagarakis, K.P., Dialynas, G.E. and Angelakis, A.N., 2004, “Water resources management in Crete (Greece) including water recycling and reuse and proposed quality criteria”, Agricultural water management, vol. 66 (1), pp. 35-47.
  • Panoras, A., Elias, A., 1999, Irrigation with treated urban waste water, Ed. Giachoudi - Giapoulis, Thessaloniki, 190 p.
  • Mavrogianopoulos, G. and Kyritsis, S., 1995, Use of municipal wastewater for biomass production. Project report of Agricultural University of Athens.
  • Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., McCornick, P., Drechsel,P. Bahri, A. and Minhasf, P., 2010, “The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries”, Agricultural Water Management, vol. 97, pp. 561-568.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Romanos – Vasileios Araviadis

Publication Date January 2, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Araviadis, R. –. V. (2016). The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 1(1), 15-22.
AMA Araviadis R–V. The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences. January 2016;1(1):15-22.
Chicago Araviadis, Romanos – Vasileios. “The Effects of Irrigation With Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review”. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 2016): 15-22.
EndNote Araviadis R–V (January 1, 2016) The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 1 1 15–22.
IEEE R. –. V. Araviadis, “The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review”, European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 15–22, 2016.
ISNAD Araviadis, Romanos – Vasileios. “The Effects of Irrigation With Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review”. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences 1/1 (January 2016), 15-22.
JAMA Araviadis R–V. The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 2016;1:15–22.
MLA Araviadis, Romanos – Vasileios. “The Effects of Irrigation With Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review”. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, 2016, pp. 15-22.
Vancouver Araviadis R–V. The Effects of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Crops and Human Populations – A Review. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences. 2016;1(1):15-22.