The Current Status of Forest Residues and Disposal Machinery in Turkiye

Year 2024, , 78 - 83, 27.06.2024

Sercan Gülci , Temel Sarıyıldız , Abdullah Emin Akay

https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.1316019

Abstract

The term "cutting residue" is a widely used term in Turkey, which refers to the leftover pieces of logs in the forest after cutting, except for the logs. As of yet, there is no specific expression and explanation for the term "slash" in Turkish forestry. Turkey carries out intensive forestry activities based on industrial wood production, primarily in mature stands and damaged after disasters such as fire or storm fall. Products that do not carry industrial woodiness in the stand, such as branches, roots, and tips that are not suitable for industrial production, are considered firewood and used for energy production or left in the stand. As a result, it is observed that the collected cutting residues from the fields that are sufficient in terms of benefit and cost is burned to generate electricity in electricity generation stations. Due to the demand for forest-based wood raw materials in recent years, some domestic companies have begun converting thick branches into industrial products such as paper and chipboard production. Additionally, some studies have been conducted to reduce transportation costs in bringing cutting residues to the economy, focusing on the storage and processing of forest cutting residues on the landing sites. In this regard, small-scale chipping machines have been produced by the domestic industry. Therefore, slash disposal and mechanization have a very limited place in Turkish forestry. Decision makers need to prepare action plans in this regard and provide support to joint research projects with academic units.

Keywords

Energy, Forest biomass, Logging residue, Production, Feasibility, Turkiye

References

• Acar, H., Eker, M., Eroglu, H. 2003. A review on the wood harvesting and transportation technologies in Turkish Forestry. In World Forestry Congress, Proceedings A, Voluntary papers (No. 0462-B4).
• Akay, A.E. 2005. Using Farm Tractors in Small-Scale Forest Harvesting Operations, Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 1(2): 196-199.
• Akay, A.E., Yuksel, A., Reis, M., Tutus, A. 2007. The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 16(3):371-376.
• Alkan, H., Korkmaz, M., Eker, M. 2014. Stakeholders’ perspectives on utilization of logging residues for bioenergy in Turkey. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 5(2):153-165.
• Ateş, S., Akyıldız, M.H., Vurdu, H., Akgül, M. 2007. The Utilization of Slash in Turkiye. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 7(1): 93-103.
• Balcioglu, G., Jeswani, H.K., Azapagic, A. 2023. Energy from forest residues in Turkiye: An environmental and economic life cycle assessment of different technologies. Science of The Total Environment, 874:162316.
• Bilgen, S., Keleş, S., Sarıkaya, İ., Kaygusuz, K. 2015. A perspective for potential and technology of bioenergy in Turkey: present case and future view. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48: 228-239.
• Bilici E., Akay, A.E. 2021. Forestry and forest operations in Turkiye: challenges and developments. Revista Pădurilor, 136(1):37–52.
• Caglar, S. 2020. Productivity analysis of tree-length harvesting using farm tractor in a Nordmann fir stand in Turkey. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 6(2): 78-86.
• Çoban, H. O., Eker, M. 2014. A hierarchical approach to estimate spatially available potential of primary forest residues for bioenergy. BioResources, 9(3):4076-4093.
• Demir, M., Bilici, E. 2010. Assessment of timber harvesting mechanization level in Turkey. In Proceedings of FORMEC 2010 conference: forest engineering: meeting the needs of the society and the environment, Padova, Italy (Vol. 1114).
• Eker, M. 2011. Assessment of procurement systems for unutilized logging residues for brutian pine forest of Turkiye. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10:2455–2468.
• Eker, M. 2014. Trends in woody biomass utilization in Turkish forestry. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering: Journal for Theory and Application of Forestry Engineering, 35(2): 255-270.
• Eker, M., Spinelli, R., Gürlevik, N. 2017. Recovering energy biomass from sustainable forestry using local labor resources. Journal of Cleaner Production, 157:57-64.
• Eksi, G., Karaosmanoglu, F. 2017. Combined bioheat and biopower: A technology review and an assessment for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73: 1313-1332.
• Erdoğan, A. 2021. Continue to work with the Sumitomo 210 Jenz Chip and Chips Machine by Erdoğan A., https://youtu.be/LRtrVA2ZWKs (last accessed at 01. 03.2023)
• Gülci, N., Gülci, S., Akay, A. E., Sessions, J. 2023. A Comparison of two felling techniques considering stump-height-related timber value loss. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 44(1):103-110.
• IRENE, 2020. Renewable energy statistics 2020. The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. https://www.irena.org/publications/2020/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2020 (accessed 06.10.2022)
• Janeiro, L., Patel, M.K. 2015. Choosing sustainable technologies. implications of the underlying sustainability paradigm in the decision-making process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105:438–446.
• Jha, S., Nanda, S., Acharya, B., Dalai, A.K. 2022. A review of thermochemical conversion of waste biomass to biofuels. Energies, 15(17):6352.
• Karabağlar, B. 2021. “Branch shredder machine was also brought to Karabağlar”. https://www.karabaglar.bel.tr/haber/karabaglara-dal-ogutme-makinesi-de-kazandirildi (accessed 08.03.2023)
• Karayilmazlar, S., Saraçoğlu, N., Çabuk, Y., Kurt, R. 2011. Utilizations of biomass as an energy source in Turkiye. Bartın Faculty of Forestry Journal, 13(19):63-75.
• Kaygusuz, K., Türker, M.F. (2002) Biomass energy potential in Turkiye. Renewable Energy, 26(4): 661-678.
• Kizha, A.R., Han, H.S. 2015. Forest residues recovered from whole-tree timber harvesting operations. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 1(2):46-55.
• Kurt, R. 2020. Determining the priorities in utilization of forest residues as biomass: an A'wot analysis. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 14(2): 315-325.
• Kutlu, O., Kocar, G. 2017. Biochar from residual biomass in Turkiye, and possibility of return to the soil: an estimation of the supply and demand. Polish Journal of Agronomy, 30:10-24.
• Marchi, E., Chung, W., Visser, R., Abbas, D., Nordfjell, T., Mederski, P.S., McEwan, A., Brink, M. and Laschi, A. 2018. Sustainable Forest Operations (SFO): A new paradigm in a changing world and climate. Science of the Total Environment, 634:1385-1397.
• Moskalik, T., Gendek, A. 2019. Production of Chips from logging residues and their quality for energy: a review of European literature. Forests, 10: 262.
• Nicholls, D., Vaughan, D., Mitchell, D., Han H-S, Smidt, M., Sessions, J. 2022. Forest bio-hubs to enhance forest health while supporting the emerging bioeconomy—a comparison between three U.S. regions. Energies, 15(3):931.
• Onwona-Agyeman, S., Nakamura, S., Kawabata, Y., Yamada, M., Sabi, E. B., Tanahashi, M. 2012. Utilization of forestry residue in erosion control and soil moisture conservation. Journal of Arid Land Studies, 22(1): 279-282.
• Öztürk, T., Varsak, M., Bilici, E. 2019. Evaluating productivity and cycle time of skidding method with farm tractors in Bigadic Forest Enterprise Directorate in Turkey. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 5(2):77-82.
• Pergola, M.T., Saulino, L., Castellaneta, M., Rita, A., Pecora, G., Cozzi, M., Moretti, N., Pericolo, O., Pierangeli, D., Romano, S., Viccaro, M. 2022. Towards sustainable management of forest residues in the southern Apennine Mediterranean mountain forests: a scenario-based approach. Annals of Forest Science, 79(1):1-13.
• Saracoglu, N. 2015. Energy production from forest residues in Turkiye. In 3rd International Symposium and Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Science, Valencia, Spain. ISITES pp. 9-16.
• Saraçoğlu, N. 2006. Enerji ormancılığının kırsal kalkınmaya katkısı / The contribution of energy forestry to rural development. Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi, Çankırı, Turkey, p. 7–12.
• Sarıkoç, S. 2020. Bioenergy potential of Turkiye’s forest sources, biomass energy conversion methods, products, and applications. In Renewable Energy-Technologies and Applications. IntechOpen: London p. 1-22.
• Scott, D.A., Page-Dumroese, D.S. 2016. Wood bioenergy and soil productivity research. BioEnergy Research, 9:507–517.
• Toksoy, D., Çolak, S., Bayramoğlu, M.M. 2020. A study on the biomass energy potential of Turkiye: example of wood pellets. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(5):867-871.
• Turk, Y. 2018. The effects of using wood chips and slash in reducing sheet erosion on forest road slopes. Forests, 9(11): 712.
• Turk, Y., Yildiz, M. 2019. The effects of wood chips and slash usage on skid trail sheet erosion caused by log skidding using a farm tractor. ŠumarskiLlist, 143(5-6):241-248.
• Han, H.-S., Jacobson, A. Bilek, E.M., Sessions, J. 2018. Waste to Wisdom: Utilizing forest residues for the production of bioenergy and biobased products. Final Report. 78p.