Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

Abdullahi Adeyemi Adegoke; Jamiu Akinpelu Akintola; Olayinka Azeez Ayinde; Julius Oluwatosin Ayoade; Zaynab Demilade Ipaye; Queeneth Abiola Ogunniyi; Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin; Peter Ayobami Oladokun; Kamorudeen Abiodun Adeoye; Khadija Motunrayo Musa

Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

The vegetables has gained more interest due to its remarkable nutrient composition, which includes different essential vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and bioactive phytochemicals with potential health benefits. The research focuses on evaluating their nutritional composition, mineral content, and phytochemical profiles as safe nutraceutical supplements. The phytochemical compositions of the leafy vegetables were screened using standard analytical procedures, and mineral contents of the leaves were determined. The study revealed that phytochemical screening identified diverse bioactive compounds across the vegetables. Amaranthus viridis exhibited high concentrations of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, indicating strong antioxidant and therapeutic potential. Solanum macrocarpon has the highest levels of crude fibre (24.22%) and ash content (1.14%), Launea taraxacifolia is particularly energy-dense due to its high carbohydrate content (52.99%). Mineral analysis shows that Crassocephalum crepidoides contains the highest levels of magnesium, calcium, and iron, while Solanum macrocarpon has the lowest mineral profile, indicating moderate nutraceutical potential in terms of essential minerals. Amaranthus viridis showing particularly high phosphorous content, which could benefit iron supplementation. The observed differences in nutrient and bioactive compound profiles among these vegetables suggest significant potential for nutraceutical applications. Their unique compositions may confer diverse therapeutic benefits, thereby supporting their utilization in the formulation of functional foods, dietary supplements, and other health-promoting products.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors wish to thank Mr. Sunday Ajagbe at Biology Department, Westland University Iwo for the identification and authentication of the plants. We are grateful to Akintunde Emmanuel for assistance with laboratory analysis, and his valuable suggestions for this research work.

References

Adekoya M.A, Adeyemo K.O. & Adeniji O.T. 2022. Phytochemical and Proximate Composition of Launaea Taraxacifolia, Basella Alba, Solanum Macrocarpon, Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius and Crepidiodes. JABU International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science (IJAFS). (11). 12:1843 – 1853.
Adewusi S.R.A, Olayemi F.F.& Ojokoh A.O. 2020. Nutritional Composition of Selected wild vegetables in Nigeria. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 8(2),134-145.
Adeyemi K.D., Sola-Ojo F.E., Ajayi D.O., Banni F., Isamot H.O. & Lawal M.O. 2021. Influence of dietary supplementary of Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf on growth, immune status, caecal microbiota, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 53:1-12.
Ajayi T.O, Adegbite A.A. & Salau R.B. 2022. Lipid and protein composition of some Nigerian leafy vegetables. Nigerian journal of Nutritional Science. 4(1), 44-45.
Akin-Idowu P.E., Odunola O.A., Gbadegesin M.A., Ademoyegun O.T., Aduloju A.O. & Olagunju Y.O. 2017. Nutritional Evaluation of Five Species of Grain Amaranth- An underutilized crop. Int. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90, 139-144.
Akinmoladun F.O., Olaleye T.M. & Komolafe O.T. 2019. Phytochemical and their pharmacological relevance in indigenous Nigerian vegetables. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 13(1), 25-39.
Akinpelu B.A., Godwin A., Gbadegesin T., et al. 2019. Comparative Studies on Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of Crassocephalum crepidioides.(Bent) Leaf Cold and Hot Water Extracts. Asian Food Science Journal. 9(1), 1-12.
Anh T.T.M., Quoc L.P.T., Phuong L.B.B., Quyen P.T. & Thy V.B. 2025. Solanum macrocarpon L.: Nutritional value, bioactive compounds, and applications in food and medicine. Food Sci. Preserv.; 32(4), 579-594.

Anyanwu B.C., Akoh O.U. & Otuokere I.E. 2022. Phytochemical Screening and Proximate Analysis of the Leaves of Laynaea (Lactuca) taraxacifolia. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 47(2).
AOAC 2000. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Ayodele O.O., Onajobi F.D. & Osoniyi O.R. 2020. Phytochemical Profiling of the Hexane fraction of Crassocephalum crepidioides Benth S. Moore leaves by GC-MS. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 14:1-8.
Bvenura C. & Sivakumar D. 2017. The role of wild fruits and vegetables in delivering a balanced and healthy diet. Food Research International. 99,15-30.
Dairo F.A.S. & Adanlawo I.G. 2007. Nutritional quality of Crassocephalum crepidioides and Senecio biafrae. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 6(1), 35-39.
Devi Y.A., Gnanasekaran P. & Devi H.J. 2024. Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Crassocephalum crepidioides Leaf Extract. J. Pur Appl Microbiol. 18(4), 2528-2538.
Ene-Obong H.N., Ekpo J.O. & Igile G.O. 2018. Dietary fiber composition of traditional leafy vegetables in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Propertie. 12(3), 567-580.
Enyinta M.C., Bello-Hassan M., Dike O.K., Nnadi E.C., Odili C.W. & Itaman V.O. 2024. Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Garden Eggs (Solanum macrocarpon) and (Solanum aethiopicum) Leaves and Fruit, International Journal of Micro Biology, Genetics and Monocular Biology Research 7, 42-64.
Evans W.C. & Trease Evans Pharmacognosy. 2002. 15th Ed. London: W.R. Saunders. 137-140.
Gbadamosi I. T. Alia A. E. & Okolosi O. 2020. In-vitro Antimicrobial Activities and Nutritional Assessment of Roots of Ten Nigerian Vegetables. New York Science Journal. 5(12), 234-240.
Harbone J.B. 1998. Phytochemical Methods- A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 36-89.
Ibrahim M.B., Lawal R.A., Akinjo A.O. & Luke I.M. 2024. Solanum Macrocarpon (African Eggplant) and Abelmoschuus esculentus (Okra) fruits prevent weight gain and improve lipid profile in high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy. 58:1.
James CS. 1995. Experimental method on analytical chemistry of foods. Chapman and Hall, New York. 6: 75-84.
Mensah D.O., Nubnes A.R., Bockarie T., Lilywhite R. & Oyebode O. 2020. Meat, Fruit and vegetable consumption in Sub-sahara Africa: A systematic review and Meta-regression analysis. Nutr. Res. 79, 651-692.
Ogunlakin A.D., Asaleye O., Anejukwo D.S., Olusegun O.V., Balogun H., Ayeni P.O., Adeola A.D., Gyebi G.A., Adebodun G.O., Molik Z.A., Elbasyouni A., Akinmurele O.J., Adegoke A.A., Adelakun A.D., Oluwadara O., Babatunde D.E. & Adeyemi O.S. 2025. Understanding the mechanism of Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.) S. Moore leaf antufibrotic activity using in vivo and in silico methods. Scientific Reports. 16, 4365.
Okunola G.O., Olatunji O.A., Olowolaju E.D., Rufai A.B., Makanjuola A.O., Adeosun I.E., 2023. Assessment of vegetable value of selected underutilized Green leafy vegetables in southwest Nigeria. J. Applied Sci. Environ, Manage. 27(10), 2265-2274.
Oyewole M.E. & Olugbodi G.O. 2025. Consumption pattern of indigenous leafy vegetables among selected household in Ibadan Zone, Nigeria. World Nutrition, 16(2), 47-52.
Rashad M.M.I. & Sarker U. 2020. Genetic variations in yield and yield contributing traits of green amaranth. Genetika. 52 (1), 393-407.
Sarker U. & Oba S. 2019. Nutraceuticals, antioxidant pigments, and phytochemicals in the leaves of Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis weedy species. Sci Rep. 9(1),20413.
Sarker U., Lin Y.P., Oba S., Yoshioka Y. & Ken H. 2022. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion Plant Physiol. Biochem., 182, 104-123.
Sharma A.K., Dwivedi S.V., Devi J., Gupta N., Rai N., Behera T.K. & Sagar V. 2025. Botany, ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Amaranthus spp.- a review. South African Journal of Botany. 178,198-216.
Solanke S.B. & Tawar M.G. 2019. Phytochemical Information and pharmacological activities of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.): A comprehensive review. J. Pharm Pharmacol. 1,103-114.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Fruit-Vegetables Technology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Abdullahi Adeyemi Adegoke ^*
Nigeria

Jamiu Akinpelu Akintola This is me
Nigeria

Olayinka Azeez Ayinde This is me
Nigeria

Julius Oluwatosin Ayoade This is me
Nigeria

Zaynab Demilade Ipaye This is me
Nigeria

Queeneth Abiola Ogunniyi This is me
Nigeria

Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin This is me
Nigeria

Peter Ayobami Oladokun This is me
Nigeria

Kamorudeen Abiodun Adeoye This is me
Nigeria

Khadija Motunrayo Musa This is me
Nigeria

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

May 5, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 25, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Adegoke, A. A., Akintola, J. A., Ayinde, O. A., Ayoade, J. O., Ipaye, Z. D., Ogunniyi, Q. A., Ogunlakin, A. D., Oladokun, P. A., Adeoye, K. A., & Musa, K. M. (2026). Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 10(1), 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP

AMA

1.Adegoke AA, Akintola JA, Ayinde OA, et al. Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. EJFST. 2026;10(1):1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP

Chicago

Adegoke, Abdullahi Adeyemi, Jamiu Akinpelu Akintola, Olayinka Azeez Ayinde, et al. 2026. “Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 10 (1): 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP.

EndNote

Adegoke AA, Akintola JA, Ayinde OA, Ayoade JO, Ipaye ZD, Ogunniyi QA, Ogunlakin AD, Oladokun PA, Adeoye KA, Musa KM (June 1, 2026) Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 10 1 1–12.

IEEE

[1]A. A. Adegoke et al., “Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria”, EJFST, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–12, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP

ISNAD

Adegoke, Abdullahi Adeyemi - Akintola, Jamiu Akinpelu - Ayinde, Olayinka Azeez - Ayoade, Julius Oluwatosin - Ipaye, Zaynab Demilade - Ogunniyi, Queeneth Abiola - Ogunlakin, Akingbolabo Daniel - Oladokun, Peter Ayobami - Adeoye, Kamorudeen Abiodun - Musa, Khadija Motunrayo. “Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 10/1 (June 1, 2026): 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP.

JAMA

1.Adegoke AA, Akintola JA, Ayinde OA, Ayoade JO, Ipaye ZD, Ogunniyi QA, Ogunlakin AD, Oladokun PA, Adeoye KA, Musa KM. Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. EJFST. 2026;10:1–12.

MLA

Adegoke, Abdullahi Adeyemi, et al. “Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 1-12, https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP.

Vancouver

1.Abdullahi Adeyemi Adegoke, Jamiu Akinpelu Akintola, Olayinka Azeez Ayinde, Julius Oluwatosin Ayoade, Zaynab Demilade Ipaye, Queeneth Abiola Ogunniyi, Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin, Peter Ayobami Oladokun, Kamorudeen Abiodun Adeoye, Khadija Motunrayo Musa. Comparative Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Studies of Four Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. EJFST [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;10(1):1-12. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA76DP55GP