Solomon C, Warwick DJ, Nayagam S. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fracture. 8th ed. London. Arnold Publishers 2001; 374-86.
Facanha-Filho FA, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, et al. Measurement accuracy in congenital Scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg 2001;83A:42-5.
Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr Course Lec 1948;5:261-75.
Goldsmith G, Morrismy R, Hall CE, Keh ID, Cowie H. Accuracy of the Cobb technique in Scoliosis Measurements. Orthop Trans 1987;11:32.
Goldberg MS, Poitras B, Mayo NE, Lobelle H, Bourassa R, Cloutier R. Observer variation in assessing spinal curva- tures and skeletal development in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1988; 13:1371-7.
Carman DL, Browne RH, Birch JG. Measurement of scolio- sis and kyphosis radiographs: intraobserver and interob- server variations. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72A:328-33.
Loder RT, Urguhart A, Steen H, et al. Variability in Cobb Angle Measurements in Children with Congenital Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:768-70.
Dutton KE, Jones TJ, Slinger BS, Sculle R, O’Connor J. Reliability of the Cobb angle index derived by traditional and computer assisted methods. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1989;12:16-23.
Singer KP, Jone TJ, Breidah IFO. A Comparison of radio- graphic and computer-assisted measurements of thoracic and thoracolumbar saggital curvature. Skeletal Radiol 1990;19:21-6.
Goh S, Price RI, Leedman PJ, Singer KP. A comparison of three methods for measuring thoracic kyphosis: implica- tions for clinical studies. Rheumatology 2000;39:310-15.
Shea KG, Stevens PH, Nelson M, Smith JT. A comparison of manual versus computer-assisted radiographic measure- ment. Spine 1998;23:551-5. Goniometer Method
Lippman-Cobb Method θ = Cobb angle
Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of a scoliotic curve showing the Goniometer method and the Lippman-Cobb method
of estimating the angle of spinal curvature.
Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods
Year 2011,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 190 - 192, 01.09.2011
Solomon C, Warwick DJ, Nayagam S. Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fracture. 8th ed. London. Arnold Publishers 2001; 374-86.
Facanha-Filho FA, Winter RB, Lonstein JE, et al. Measurement accuracy in congenital Scoliosis. J. Bone Joint Surg 2001;83A:42-5.
Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr Course Lec 1948;5:261-75.
Goldsmith G, Morrismy R, Hall CE, Keh ID, Cowie H. Accuracy of the Cobb technique in Scoliosis Measurements. Orthop Trans 1987;11:32.
Goldberg MS, Poitras B, Mayo NE, Lobelle H, Bourassa R, Cloutier R. Observer variation in assessing spinal curva- tures and skeletal development in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1988; 13:1371-7.
Carman DL, Browne RH, Birch JG. Measurement of scolio- sis and kyphosis radiographs: intraobserver and interob- server variations. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72A:328-33.
Loder RT, Urguhart A, Steen H, et al. Variability in Cobb Angle Measurements in Children with Congenital Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1995;77:768-70.
Dutton KE, Jones TJ, Slinger BS, Sculle R, O’Connor J. Reliability of the Cobb angle index derived by traditional and computer assisted methods. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 1989;12:16-23.
Singer KP, Jone TJ, Breidah IFO. A Comparison of radio- graphic and computer-assisted measurements of thoracic and thoracolumbar saggital curvature. Skeletal Radiol 1990;19:21-6.
Goh S, Price RI, Leedman PJ, Singer KP. A comparison of three methods for measuring thoracic kyphosis: implica- tions for clinical studies. Rheumatology 2000;39:310-15.
Shea KG, Stevens PH, Nelson M, Smith JT. A comparison of manual versus computer-assisted radiographic measure- ment. Spine 1998;23:551-5. Goniometer Method
Lippman-Cobb Method θ = Cobb angle
Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of a scoliotic curve showing the Goniometer method and the Lippman-Cobb method
Didia, B. C., Nathan, B., Jaja, R., Abere, E. İ., et al. (2011). Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods. European Journal of General Medicine, 8(3), 190-192.
AMA
Didia BC, Nathan B, Jaja R, Abere Eİ, Agi CE. Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods. European Journal of General Medicine. September 2011;8(3):190-192.
Chicago
Didia, Blessing C., Blessing Nathan, Romey Jaja, Esther İ. Abere, and Chukuemeka Emmanuel Agi. “Measurement of Spinal Curvature: A Comparison of Two Manual Methods”. European Journal of General Medicine 8, no. 3 (September 2011): 190-92.
EndNote
Didia BC, Nathan B, Jaja R, Abere Eİ, Agi CE (September 1, 2011) Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods. European Journal of General Medicine 8 3 190–192.
IEEE
B. C. Didia, B. Nathan, R. Jaja, E. İ. Abere, and C. E. Agi, “Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods”, European Journal of General Medicine, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 190–192, 2011.
ISNAD
Didia, Blessing C. et al. “Measurement of Spinal Curvature: A Comparison of Two Manual Methods”. European Journal of General Medicine 8/3 (September 2011), 190-192.
JAMA
Didia BC, Nathan B, Jaja R, Abere Eİ, Agi CE. Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods. European Journal of General Medicine. 2011;8:190–192.
MLA
Didia, Blessing C. et al. “Measurement of Spinal Curvature: A Comparison of Two Manual Methods”. European Journal of General Medicine, vol. 8, no. 3, 2011, pp. 190-2.
Vancouver
Didia BC, Nathan B, Jaja R, Abere Eİ, Agi CE. Measurement of spinal curvature: a comparison of two manual methods. European Journal of General Medicine. 2011;8(3):190-2.