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NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA

Year 2007, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 25 - 32, 01.03.2007

Abstract

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References

  • Colice GL. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:473-89
  • Colice GL. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:941-8
  • Simon RP. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Clin 1993;11:309-23
  • Ezura M, Takahashi A, Ogasawara K, Yoshimoto T. Intra-aneurysmal GDC embolization followed by intrathecal tPA administration for poor-grade basilar tip aneurysm. Surg Neurol 1997;47:144–8
  • Fujimura M, Seki H, Sugawara T, Tomichi N, Oku T, Higuchi H. Anomalous internal carotid arteryanterior cerebral artery anastomosis associated with fenestration and cerebral aneurysm. Neurol Med Chir 1996;36:229–33
  • Schievink WI, Wijdicks MD, Parisi JE, Piepgras DG, Whisnant JP. Sudden death from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1995;45:871–4
  • Mayer SA, Fink ME, Homma S, et al. Cardiac injury associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1994;44:815-20
  • Pender ES, Pollack CJ. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and review. J Emerg Med 1992;10:45-51
  • Ducker TB. Increased intracranial pressure and pulmonary edema: Clinical study of 11 patients. J Neurosurg 1968 28: 112–7
  • Weisman SJ. Edema and congestion of the lungs resulting from intracranial hemorrhage. Surgery 1939;6:722-9
  • Carlson RW, Schaeffer RJ, Michaels SG, et al. Pulmonary edema following intracranial hemorrhage. Chest 1979;75: 731-4
  • Solander S, Ulhoa A, Vinuela F, et al. Endovascular treatment of multiple intracranial Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg 1999;90:857–64 by using
  • Wohns RN, Tamas L, Pierce KR, et al. Chlorpromazine treatment for neurogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:210-11
  • Cohen JA, Abraham E. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a sequela of non- hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents. Angiology 1976; 27:280-92
  • Harari A, Rapin M, Regnier B, et al. Normal pulmonary-capillary pressures in the late phase of neurogenic pulmonary oedema [letter]. Lancet 1976;1:494
  • Findler G, Cotev S. Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with a colloid cyst in the third ventricle: case report. J Neurosurg 1980;52:395-98
  • Braude N, Ludgrove T. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema precipitated by induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:101-03
  • Terrence CF, Rao GR, Perper JA. Neurogenic unexpected, unexplained death of epileptic patients. Ann Neurol 1981;9: 458–64 edema in
  • Ohlmacher AP. Acute pulmonary edema as a terminal event in certain forms of epilepsy. Am J Med Sci 1910;139:417-22
  • Bonbrest HC. Pulmonary edema following an epileptic seizure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965;91:97-100
  • Ell SR. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a review of the literature and a perspective. Invest Radiol 1991;26:499–506
  • Watanabe T, Sekiguchi K, Inoue A, Taniguchi Y, Sato S. Clinical evaluation of neurogenic pulmonary edema following acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka 1992;20:417–22
  • Di Giugno G, Rosa G. Neurogenic pulmonary edema during subarachnoid hemorrhage. Minerva Anestesiol 1998;64: 229–30
  • Kin H, Ogihara R, Tomita S, et al. Acute pulmonary edema following rupture of intracranial aneurysm. Neurol Med Chir 1981;1:313–20
  • Weir B. Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysmal rupture. J Neurosurg 1978;49:502–7
  • Shanahan WT. Acute pulmonary edema as a complication of epileptic seizures. NY Med J 1908; 37:54-6
  • Theodore J, Robin ED. Speculations on neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPO). Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113:405-11
  • Fein IA, Rackow EC. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest, 1982; 81: 318- 20
  • Lear GH. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:1131-3
  • Malik AB. Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Circ Res 1985;57:1- 18
  • Yabumoto M, Kuriyama T, Iwamoto M, et al. Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysm: case report. Neurosurgery 1986;19:300-04
  • Geiger H, Naraghi R, Schobel HP, Frank H, Sterzel RB, Fahlbusch R. Decrease of blood pressure by ventrolateral medullary decompression in essential hypertension. Lancet 1998;352(9126):446–9
  • Jannetta PJ, Segal R, Wolfson SK Jr: Neurogenic hypertension: etiology and surgical treatment. I. observations in 53 patients. Ann Surg 1985;201:391–8
  • Levi EI, Clyde B, McLaughlin MR, Jannetta PJ. Microvascular decompression of the left lateral medulla oblongata for hypertension. Neurosurgery 1998;43:1-9 neurogenic
  • Ochiai H, Yamakawa Y, Kubota E. Deformation of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata by subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured vertebral artery aneurysms causes neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Med Chir 2001;41:529-35
  • Maron MB. A canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59:1018-25 37. Sarnoff SJ, Sarnoff of Neurohemodynamics edema. Dis Chest 1952;22:685-96 pulmonary
  • Wray NP, Nicotra MB. Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:783-6
  • Filho MBL, Morandin RC, de Almeida AR, et al. Hemodynamic parameters and neurogenic pulmonary edema following spinal cord injury. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63(4):990-6
  • Fontes RBV, Aguiar PH, Zanetti MV, Andrade F, Mandel M, Teixeira MJ. Acute neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and literature review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2003;15:144-50
  • Schwarz S, Schwab S, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W. Neurogenic impairment of cardiopulmonary function in acute cerebral lesions. Nervenarzt 1997;68: 956-62
  • Solokhin EV, Belova TS, Naumov MR, et al. Morphological changes in lungs of patients with spinal injuries died in hospital. Sud Med Ekspert 2000;43:17-9
  • Nathan MA, Reis DJ. Fulminating arterial hypertension with pulmonary edema from release of adrenomedullary catecholamines after lesions of the anterior hypothalamus in the rat. Cir Res 1975;37:226-35
  • Glazer EJ, Ross LL. Localization of noradrenergic terminals in sympathetic preganglionic nuclei of the rat: demonstration by immunocytochemical localization hydroxylase. Brain Res 1980;185:39-49
  • Bosso FJ, Lang SA, Maron MB. Role of hemodynamics and vagus nerves in development of fibrin-induced pulmonary- edema. J Appl Physiol 1990;69:2227-32
  • Widdicombe JG. Neural control of airway vasculature and edema. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991;143(Suppl):S18-S21
  • Leal MB Filho, Morandin RC, Almeida AR, et al. Importance of anesthesia for the genesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema in spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2005;373:165-70
  • Carruth MK, Fowler AA, Fairman RP, Mayer DJ, Leichnetz GR. Respiratory- failure following injection of glutamate agonist into the ventral medullary paphe of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1992;28:365-78
  • Imaizumi T, Granata AR, Benarroch EE, Sved AF, Reis DJ. Contributions of arginine vasopressin and the sympathetic nervous hypertension after destruction of neurons of caudal ventrolateral medulla in the rat. J Hypertens 1985;3:491-501 fulminating
  • Drolet G, Chalmers J, Blessing W. Vasodepressor neurons in medulla alter cardiac contractility and cardiac output. Hypertension 1993;21:210-5
  • Levasseur JE, Patterson JL, Garcia CI, Moskowitz MA, Choi SC, Kontos HA. Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on neurogenic pulmonary-edema from fluid- percussion brain injury in the adult-rat. J Neurosurg 1993;78:610-8
  • Pilati CF, Maron MB, Bosso FJ. Role of EDRF in the cardiopulmonary dysfunction sympathetic activation. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:1642-50 by massive
  • Chen HI. Hemodynamic mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Biol Sig 1995;4:186-92
  • Poulat P, Couture R. Increased pulmonary vascular permeability and oedema induced by intrathecally injected endothelins in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;344:251-9
  • Hamdy O, Nishiwaki K, Yajima M, et al. Presence and quantification of neuropeptide Y in pulmonary edema fluids in rats. Exp Lung Res 2000;26: 137-47
  • Samuels MA. Neurally induced cardiac damage: definition of the problem. Neurol Clin 1993;11:273-92
  • Aberle DR, Wiener KJ, Webb WR, et al. Hydrostatic versus increased permeability pulmonary edema: diagnosis based on radiographic criteria in critically ill patients. Radiology 1988;168:73-9
  • Darnell JC, Jay SJ. Recurrent postical pulmonary edema: a case report and review of the literature. Epilepsia 1982; 23: 71-83
  • André Louis Gabry, Xavier Ledoux, Monique Mozziconacci and Claude Martin. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema at Moderate Altitude (< 2,400 m; 7,870 feet): A Series of 52 Patients. Chest 2003;123;49-53
  • Smith WS, Matthay MA. Evidence for a hydrostatic mechanism in human pulmonary edema. Chest 1997;111:1326- 33
  • Johnson SC, Darragh TM, Simon RP: Postical pulmonary edema requires pulmonary vascular pressure increases. Epilepsia 1996; 37:428-32
  • Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Trevisani GT et al: Neurogenic pulmonary edema in fatal and nonfatal head injuries. J Trauma 1995;39:860-8
  • Barker PM. Transalveolar Na+ absorption: a strategy to counter alveolar flooding? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150: 302-3
  • Lane SM, Maender KC, Awender NE, Maron MB. Adrenal Epinephrine Increases Alveolar Liquid Clearance in a Canine Model of Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:760-8
  • Fletcher SJ, Atkinson JD. Use of prone ventilation in neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:238-40
  • Sakuma TG, Okaniwa T, Nakada T, Fujimura NS, Matthay MA. Alveolar fluid clearance in the resected human lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1994;150: 305–10
  • Tobin A, Kelly W. Prone ventilation it’s time. Anaesth Intens Care 1999;27:194- 201
  • Slutsky AS. The acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation and the prone position. N Engl J Med 2001;345: 610-11
  • Lee ST. Intracranial pressure changes during positioning of patients with severe head injury. Heart Lung 1989; 18: 411-4
  • Le Roux PD, Winn HR. Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Management of the poor grade patient. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 72 (suppl): 7-26

NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA

Year 2007, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 25 - 32, 01.03.2007

Abstract

B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Surgery1, Dharan, Nepal. Leeds General Infirmary, Department of Neurosurgery2, Leeds, U.K. K.S.Hegde Medical Academy, Department of Neurology3, Mangalore, India. B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Departments of Surgery4,Orthopedics5 and Medicine6. Dharan, Nepal. Neuogenic pulmonary oedema (NPO) usually occurs following severe central nervous system (CNS) injuries (i.e. as a consequence of grand mal seizures, subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracranial bleeding, severe head injury or sometimes following spinal cord injuries). However, the pathogenesis of NPO is not entirely clear. In the majority of cases, early or classic symptoms of pulmonary oedema are evident from several minutes up to several hours after CNS damage. Dyspnoea, chest pain, bloody expectoration are observed shortly after consciousness disorders, although NPO may occasionally be diagnosed on the basis of chest x-ray in patients with no clinical symptoms. Tachypnoea, tachycardia, rales without any changes in cardiac system are usually observed during physical examination. The ailments withdraw quickly in the majority of patients, who may require oxygen therapy at most

References

  • Colice GL. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Clin Chest Med 1985;6:473-89
  • Colice GL. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:941-8
  • Simon RP. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Clin 1993;11:309-23
  • Ezura M, Takahashi A, Ogasawara K, Yoshimoto T. Intra-aneurysmal GDC embolization followed by intrathecal tPA administration for poor-grade basilar tip aneurysm. Surg Neurol 1997;47:144–8
  • Fujimura M, Seki H, Sugawara T, Tomichi N, Oku T, Higuchi H. Anomalous internal carotid arteryanterior cerebral artery anastomosis associated with fenestration and cerebral aneurysm. Neurol Med Chir 1996;36:229–33
  • Schievink WI, Wijdicks MD, Parisi JE, Piepgras DG, Whisnant JP. Sudden death from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1995;45:871–4
  • Mayer SA, Fink ME, Homma S, et al. Cardiac injury associated with neurogenic pulmonary edema following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1994;44:815-20
  • Pender ES, Pollack CJ. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and review. J Emerg Med 1992;10:45-51
  • Ducker TB. Increased intracranial pressure and pulmonary edema: Clinical study of 11 patients. J Neurosurg 1968 28: 112–7
  • Weisman SJ. Edema and congestion of the lungs resulting from intracranial hemorrhage. Surgery 1939;6:722-9
  • Carlson RW, Schaeffer RJ, Michaels SG, et al. Pulmonary edema following intracranial hemorrhage. Chest 1979;75: 731-4
  • Solander S, Ulhoa A, Vinuela F, et al. Endovascular treatment of multiple intracranial Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg 1999;90:857–64 by using
  • Wohns RN, Tamas L, Pierce KR, et al. Chlorpromazine treatment for neurogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 1985; 13:210-11
  • Cohen JA, Abraham E. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a sequela of non- hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents. Angiology 1976; 27:280-92
  • Harari A, Rapin M, Regnier B, et al. Normal pulmonary-capillary pressures in the late phase of neurogenic pulmonary oedema [letter]. Lancet 1976;1:494
  • Findler G, Cotev S. Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with a colloid cyst in the third ventricle: case report. J Neurosurg 1980;52:395-98
  • Braude N, Ludgrove T. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema precipitated by induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1989; 62:101-03
  • Terrence CF, Rao GR, Perper JA. Neurogenic unexpected, unexplained death of epileptic patients. Ann Neurol 1981;9: 458–64 edema in
  • Ohlmacher AP. Acute pulmonary edema as a terminal event in certain forms of epilepsy. Am J Med Sci 1910;139:417-22
  • Bonbrest HC. Pulmonary edema following an epileptic seizure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965;91:97-100
  • Ell SR. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a review of the literature and a perspective. Invest Radiol 1991;26:499–506
  • Watanabe T, Sekiguchi K, Inoue A, Taniguchi Y, Sato S. Clinical evaluation of neurogenic pulmonary edema following acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka 1992;20:417–22
  • Di Giugno G, Rosa G. Neurogenic pulmonary edema during subarachnoid hemorrhage. Minerva Anestesiol 1998;64: 229–30
  • Kin H, Ogihara R, Tomita S, et al. Acute pulmonary edema following rupture of intracranial aneurysm. Neurol Med Chir 1981;1:313–20
  • Weir B. Pulmonary edema following fatal aneurysmal rupture. J Neurosurg 1978;49:502–7
  • Shanahan WT. Acute pulmonary edema as a complication of epileptic seizures. NY Med J 1908; 37:54-6
  • Theodore J, Robin ED. Speculations on neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPO). Am Rev Respir Dis 1976;113:405-11
  • Fein IA, Rackow EC. Neurogenic pulmonary edema. Chest, 1982; 81: 318- 20
  • Lear GH. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990;79:1131-3
  • Malik AB. Mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Circ Res 1985;57:1- 18
  • Yabumoto M, Kuriyama T, Iwamoto M, et al. Neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysm: case report. Neurosurgery 1986;19:300-04
  • Geiger H, Naraghi R, Schobel HP, Frank H, Sterzel RB, Fahlbusch R. Decrease of blood pressure by ventrolateral medullary decompression in essential hypertension. Lancet 1998;352(9126):446–9
  • Jannetta PJ, Segal R, Wolfson SK Jr: Neurogenic hypertension: etiology and surgical treatment. I. observations in 53 patients. Ann Surg 1985;201:391–8
  • Levi EI, Clyde B, McLaughlin MR, Jannetta PJ. Microvascular decompression of the left lateral medulla oblongata for hypertension. Neurosurgery 1998;43:1-9 neurogenic
  • Ochiai H, Yamakawa Y, Kubota E. Deformation of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata by subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured vertebral artery aneurysms causes neurogenic pulmonary edema. Neurol Med Chir 2001;41:529-35
  • Maron MB. A canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59:1018-25 37. Sarnoff SJ, Sarnoff of Neurohemodynamics edema. Dis Chest 1952;22:685-96 pulmonary
  • Wray NP, Nicotra MB. Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;118:783-6
  • Filho MBL, Morandin RC, de Almeida AR, et al. Hemodynamic parameters and neurogenic pulmonary edema following spinal cord injury. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63(4):990-6
  • Fontes RBV, Aguiar PH, Zanetti MV, Andrade F, Mandel M, Teixeira MJ. Acute neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and literature review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2003;15:144-50
  • Schwarz S, Schwab S, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W. Neurogenic impairment of cardiopulmonary function in acute cerebral lesions. Nervenarzt 1997;68: 956-62
  • Solokhin EV, Belova TS, Naumov MR, et al. Morphological changes in lungs of patients with spinal injuries died in hospital. Sud Med Ekspert 2000;43:17-9
  • Nathan MA, Reis DJ. Fulminating arterial hypertension with pulmonary edema from release of adrenomedullary catecholamines after lesions of the anterior hypothalamus in the rat. Cir Res 1975;37:226-35
  • Glazer EJ, Ross LL. Localization of noradrenergic terminals in sympathetic preganglionic nuclei of the rat: demonstration by immunocytochemical localization hydroxylase. Brain Res 1980;185:39-49
  • Bosso FJ, Lang SA, Maron MB. Role of hemodynamics and vagus nerves in development of fibrin-induced pulmonary- edema. J Appl Physiol 1990;69:2227-32
  • Widdicombe JG. Neural control of airway vasculature and edema. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991;143(Suppl):S18-S21
  • Leal MB Filho, Morandin RC, Almeida AR, et al. Importance of anesthesia for the genesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema in spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2005;373:165-70
  • Carruth MK, Fowler AA, Fairman RP, Mayer DJ, Leichnetz GR. Respiratory- failure following injection of glutamate agonist into the ventral medullary paphe of the rat. Brain Res Bull 1992;28:365-78
  • Imaizumi T, Granata AR, Benarroch EE, Sved AF, Reis DJ. Contributions of arginine vasopressin and the sympathetic nervous hypertension after destruction of neurons of caudal ventrolateral medulla in the rat. J Hypertens 1985;3:491-501 fulminating
  • Drolet G, Chalmers J, Blessing W. Vasodepressor neurons in medulla alter cardiac contractility and cardiac output. Hypertension 1993;21:210-5
  • Levasseur JE, Patterson JL, Garcia CI, Moskowitz MA, Choi SC, Kontos HA. Effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment on neurogenic pulmonary-edema from fluid- percussion brain injury in the adult-rat. J Neurosurg 1993;78:610-8
  • Pilati CF, Maron MB, Bosso FJ. Role of EDRF in the cardiopulmonary dysfunction sympathetic activation. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:1642-50 by massive
  • Chen HI. Hemodynamic mechanisms of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Biol Sig 1995;4:186-92
  • Poulat P, Couture R. Increased pulmonary vascular permeability and oedema induced by intrathecally injected endothelins in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;344:251-9
  • Hamdy O, Nishiwaki K, Yajima M, et al. Presence and quantification of neuropeptide Y in pulmonary edema fluids in rats. Exp Lung Res 2000;26: 137-47
  • Samuels MA. Neurally induced cardiac damage: definition of the problem. Neurol Clin 1993;11:273-92
  • Aberle DR, Wiener KJ, Webb WR, et al. Hydrostatic versus increased permeability pulmonary edema: diagnosis based on radiographic criteria in critically ill patients. Radiology 1988;168:73-9
  • Darnell JC, Jay SJ. Recurrent postical pulmonary edema: a case report and review of the literature. Epilepsia 1982; 23: 71-83
  • André Louis Gabry, Xavier Ledoux, Monique Mozziconacci and Claude Martin. High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema at Moderate Altitude (< 2,400 m; 7,870 feet): A Series of 52 Patients. Chest 2003;123;49-53
  • Smith WS, Matthay MA. Evidence for a hydrostatic mechanism in human pulmonary edema. Chest 1997;111:1326- 33
  • Johnson SC, Darragh TM, Simon RP: Postical pulmonary edema requires pulmonary vascular pressure increases. Epilepsia 1996; 37:428-32
  • Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Trevisani GT et al: Neurogenic pulmonary edema in fatal and nonfatal head injuries. J Trauma 1995;39:860-8
  • Barker PM. Transalveolar Na+ absorption: a strategy to counter alveolar flooding? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150: 302-3
  • Lane SM, Maender KC, Awender NE, Maron MB. Adrenal Epinephrine Increases Alveolar Liquid Clearance in a Canine Model of Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158:760-8
  • Fletcher SJ, Atkinson JD. Use of prone ventilation in neurogenic pulmonary oedema. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:238-40
  • Sakuma TG, Okaniwa T, Nakada T, Fujimura NS, Matthay MA. Alveolar fluid clearance in the resected human lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1994;150: 305–10
  • Tobin A, Kelly W. Prone ventilation it’s time. Anaesth Intens Care 1999;27:194- 201
  • Slutsky AS. The acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation and the prone position. N Engl J Med 2001;345: 610-11
  • Lee ST. Intracranial pressure changes during positioning of patients with severe head injury. Heart Lung 1989; 18: 411-4
  • Le Roux PD, Winn HR. Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Management of the poor grade patient. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1999; 72 (suppl): 7-26
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Original Articles
Publication Date March 1, 2007
Published in Issue Year 2007 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

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APA NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA. (2007). European Journal of General Medicine, 4(1), 25-32.
AMA NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA. European Journal of General Medicine. March 2007;4(1):25-32.
Chicago “NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA”. European Journal of General Medicine 4, no. 1 (March 2007): 25-32.
EndNote (March 1, 2007) NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA. European Journal of General Medicine 4 1 25–32.
IEEE “NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA”, European Journal of General Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2007.
ISNAD “NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA”. European Journal of General Medicine 4/1 (March 2007), 25-32.
JAMA NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA. European Journal of General Medicine. 2007;4:25–32.
MLA “NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA”. European Journal of General Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, 2007, pp. 25-32.
Vancouver NEUROGENIC PULMONARY OEDEMA. European Journal of General Medicine. 2007;4(1):25-32.