A REVİEW: MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESPONSES OF SWEETPOTATO TO DROUGHT

Abstract

Sweetpotato is a drought resilient crop that is nutritionally important for the economic uplifting of humans. Sweetpotato has high beta-carotene contents and low glycaemic index that are important sources of vision improvement. It regulates blood sugar level and insulin resistance in diabetic patients, serves a homeostatic property, and maintains healthy blood pressure. The storage roots and the leaves have anti-cancer agents, purifies the liver, and reduce the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, prevents constipation and malnourishment in children, and promotes fertility in women due to its high contents of fibre, irons, and phytochemicals. Sweet potato has high yielding capacity per square meter than other root and tuber crops and played a vital role in famine-relief. The agronomic and nutritional versatility of sweet potato makes it very important food security crop. However, abiotic stress such as drought stress mitigate against the biological and potential yield realization of the crop. This article reviews the effect of drought on the yield and yield traits of sweet potato and the morphological, physiological and the molecular response to the crop to drought effect. Drought impedes photosynthetic activities and disturb the metabolic processes of sweet potato plant causing imbalance in photosynthesis, respiration, translocation, stomatal movement, light absorption, and ion uptake. The economic storage root yield is reduced, increase the number of deformed storage root, reduction in the canopy cover, leaf area index, decrease in the stem length among others. These morphological and physiological effects of drought trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species which generate signal transduction as a mechanism to protect the plant. The detrimental effects of the ROS are buffered, minimised, and scavenged by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR) as a defence mechanism to keep the ROS under tight control. In resistant breeding, knowledge of these mechanisms is vital for building resistance and tolerance in sweet potato and other crops to improve yield and yield quality and ensure crop sustainability and food security. The levels of the antioxidants should serve as a guide for agronomists and breeders in selecting and recommending cultivars for drought endemic areas for yield sustainability and food security purposes. In selecting crossing parents for drought tolerance, cultivars with high antioxidants should be used to increase the chance of drought tolerance and eliminate the episode of crop failure due to drought stress.

Keywords

• sweet potato
• drought stress
• yield and yield traits
• Antioxidants
• ROS

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