Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 29 - 35, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.55696/ejset.1098850

Abstract

References

  • M. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Kimoto, Y. Yasaki, T. Kato, and H. Sugimoto, "Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Thin-Film Solar Cell With Record Efficiency of 23.35%," (in English), IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1863-1867, Nov 2019, doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2019.2937218.
  • M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, and X. Hao, "Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 58)," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 29, no. NREL/JA-5900-80028, 2021.
  • H. Katagiri, N. Sasaguchi, S. Hando, S. Hoshino, J. Ohashi, and T. Yokota, "Preparation and evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by sulfurization of E-B evaporated precursors," (in English), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 49, no. 1-4, pp. 407-414, Dec 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00119-0.
  • M. A. Olgar et al., "Effect of heat treating metallic constituents on the properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films formed by a two-stage process," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 624, pp. 167-174, Feb 28 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.01.037.
  • N. Akcay, T. Ataser, Y. Ozen, and S. Ozcelik, "Influence of Sulfurization Time on the Properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films Deposited on Mo-coated Soda Lime Glass Substrates by Co-sputtering Technique," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 704, p. 138028, Jun 30 2020, doi: ARTN 138028 10.1016/j.tsf.2020.138028.
  • J. C. Jiang, L. Q. Zhang, W. Wang, and R. J. Hong, "The role of sulphur in the sulfurization of CZTS layer prepared by DC magnetron sputtering from a single quaternary ceramic target," (in English), Ceramics International, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 11597-11602, Jul 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.225.
  • Z. Zakaria et al., "Effects of sulfurization temperature on Cu2ZnSnS4thin film deposited by single source thermal evaporation method," (in English), Jpn J Appl Phys, vol. 54, no. 8S1, p. 08KC18, Aug 2015, doi: 10.7567/jjap.54.08kc18.
  • E. M. Mkawi, Y. Al-Hadeethi, E. Shalaan, and E. Bekyarova, "Substrate temperature effect during the deposition of (Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn) stacked precursor CZTS thin film deposited by electron-beam evaporation," (in English), J Mater Sci-Mater El, vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 20476-20484, Dec 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10854-018-0182-y.
  • S. A. Vanalakar et al., "A review on pulsed laser deposited CZTS thin films for solar cell applications," (in English), J Alloy Compd, vol. 619, pp. 109-121, Jan 15 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.018.
  • H. Ahmoum et al., "Impact of preheating environment on microstructural and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films deposited by spin-coating," (in English), Superlattice Microst, vol. 140, p. 106452, Apr 2020, doi: ARTN 106452 10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106452.
  • R. Boudaira, O. Meglali, A. Bouraiou, N. Attaf, C. Sedrati, and M. S. Aida, "Optimization of sulphurization temperature for the production of single-phase CZTS kesterite layers synthesized by electrodeposition," (in English), Surface Engineering, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1000-1011, Sep 1 2020, doi: 10.1080/02670844.2020.1758013.
  • K. V. Gunavathy, K. Tamilarasan, C. Rangasami, and A. M. S. Arulanantham, "Effect of solvent on the characteristic properties of nebulizer spray pyrolyzed Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber thin films for photovoltaic application," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 697, p. 137841, Mar 1 2020, doi: ARTN 137841 10.1016/j.tsf.2020.137841.
  • W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells," (in English), J Appl Phys, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 510-519, 1961, doi: 10.1063/1.1736034.
  • Y. Gong et al., "Identifying the origin of the V oc deficit of kesterite solar cells from the two grain growth mechanisms induced by Sn 2+ and Sn 4+ precursors in DMSO solution," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2369-2380, 2021.
  • M. Olgar, A. Sarp, A. Seyhan, and R. Zan, "Impact of stacking order and annealing temperature on properties of CZTS thin films and solar cell performance," Renewable Energy, vol. 179, pp. 1865-1874, 2021.
  • O. Vigil-Galán et al., "Secondary phases dependence on composition ratio in sprayed Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films and its impact on the high power conversion efficiency," (in English), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 117, pp. 246-250, Oct 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.008.
  • H. Guan, H. L. Shen, C. Gao, and X. C. He, "Sulfurization time effects on the growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by solution method," (in English), J Mater Sci-Mater El, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 2667-2671, Aug 2013, doi: 10.1007/s10854-013-1153-y.
  • A. Emrani, P. Vasekar, and C. R. Westgate, "Effects of sulfurization temperature on CZTS thin film solar cell performances," Solar Energy, vol. 98, pp. 335-340, 2013.
  • S. Yazici et al., "Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layer on flexible metallic substrates for thin film solar cell applications," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 589, pp. 563-573, Aug 31 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2015.06.028.
  • J. He, L. Sun, Y. Chen, J. Jiang, P. Yang, and J. Chu, "Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cell utilizing rapid thermal process of precursors sputtered from a quaternary target: a promising application in industrial processes," (in English), RSC Adv., vol. 4, no. 81, pp. 43080-43086, 2014, doi: 10.1039/c4ra07748b.
  • M. A. Olgar et al., "Effect of precursor stacking order and sulfurization temperature on compositional homogeneity of CZTS thin films," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 615, pp. 402-408, Sep 30 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.07.058.
  • M. A. Olgar, M. Tomakin, T. Kucukomeroglu, and E. Bacaksız, "Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films using short sulfurization periods," (in English), Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 5, May 2019, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aaff78.
  • V. Piacente, S. Foglia, and P. Scardala, "Sublimation study of the tin sulphides SnS2, Sn2S3 and SnS," J Alloy Compd, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 17-30, 1991.
  • M. A. Olgar, J. Klaer, R. Mainz, L. Ozyuzer, and T. Unold, "Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 -based thin films and solar cells by rapid thermal annealing processing," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 628, pp. 1-6, Apr 30 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.03.008.
  • P. A. Fernandes, P. M. P. Salome, and A. F. da Cunha, "Growth and Raman scattering characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 7, pp. 2519-2523, Feb 2 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.031.
  • P. M. Salomé, P. A. Fernandes, J. P. Leitão, M. G. Sousa, J. P. Teixeira, and A. F. da Cunha, "Secondary crystalline phases identification in Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films: contributions from Raman scattering and photoluminescence," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 49, no. 21, pp. 7425-7436, 2014.
  • F. Hergert and R. Hock, "Predicted formation reactions for the solid-state syntheses of the semiconductor materials Cu2SnX3 and Cu2ZnSnX4 (X= S, Se) starting from binary chalcogenides," Thin Solid Films, vol. 515, no. 15, pp. 5953-5956, 2007.
  • J. B. Li, V. Chawla, and B. M. Clemens, "Investigating the role of grain boundaries in CZTS and CZTSSe thin film solar cells with scanning probe microscopy," Advanced Materials, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 720-723, 2012.
  • M. A. Olgar, A. Seyhan, A. O. Sarp, and R. Zan, "The choice of Zn or ZnS layer in the stacked precursors for preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films," (in English), Superlattice Microst, vol. 146, p. 106669, Oct 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106669.
  • H. Katagiri, N. Ishigaki, T. Ishida, and K. Saito, "Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4Thin Films Prepared by Vapor Phase Sulfurization," (in English), Jpn J Appl Phys, vol. 40, no. Part 1, No. 2A, pp. 500-504, Feb 2001, doi: 10.1143/jjap.40.500.

PREPARATION OF CZTS THIN FILM EMPLOYING RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING METHOD

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 29 - 35, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.55696/ejset.1098850

Abstract

CZTS thin film was fabricated by sulfurization process of deposited thin films on Mo coated glass substrates. Cu, Zn, and Sn thin film layers were deposited sequentially to form Glass/Mo/CuSn/Zn/Cu. The CuSn layer in the stacked structure was formed by annealing process in the sputtering chamber after sequential deposition of Cu and Sn, respectively. The sulfurization process was performed by rapid thermal processing method (RTP) so as to obtain kesterite CZTS structure. The obtained CZTS thin film was analyzed using several characterization methods such as EDX, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and PL measurements. The EDX measurements showed that elemental loss was not observed after the annealing process in sulfur atmosphere. The fabricated CZTS thin film showed Cu stoichiometric and Zn rich composition. The XRD pattern of annealed sample revealed formation of kesterite CZTS structure. The Raman spectra of the sample proved formation of kesterite CZTS structure. In addition, some CTS phases were detected in the structure by Raman spectroscopy. Polycrystalline surface microstructure was seen in SEM surface measurement. The room temperature PL measurement exhibited a transition around at 1.39 eV that is very close to band gap of kesterite CZTS structure. Overall, with this study, it has been shown that the CZTS thin film structure can be easily produced using the RTP method with very high heating rate.

References

  • M. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Kimoto, Y. Yasaki, T. Kato, and H. Sugimoto, "Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Thin-Film Solar Cell With Record Efficiency of 23.35%," (in English), IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1863-1867, Nov 2019, doi: 10.1109/jphotov.2019.2937218.
  • M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, and X. Hao, "Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 58)," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 29, no. NREL/JA-5900-80028, 2021.
  • H. Katagiri, N. Sasaguchi, S. Hando, S. Hoshino, J. Ohashi, and T. Yokota, "Preparation and evaluation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by sulfurization of E-B evaporated precursors," (in English), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 49, no. 1-4, pp. 407-414, Dec 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00119-0.
  • M. A. Olgar et al., "Effect of heat treating metallic constituents on the properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films formed by a two-stage process," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 624, pp. 167-174, Feb 28 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.01.037.
  • N. Akcay, T. Ataser, Y. Ozen, and S. Ozcelik, "Influence of Sulfurization Time on the Properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films Deposited on Mo-coated Soda Lime Glass Substrates by Co-sputtering Technique," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 704, p. 138028, Jun 30 2020, doi: ARTN 138028 10.1016/j.tsf.2020.138028.
  • J. C. Jiang, L. Q. Zhang, W. Wang, and R. J. Hong, "The role of sulphur in the sulfurization of CZTS layer prepared by DC magnetron sputtering from a single quaternary ceramic target," (in English), Ceramics International, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 11597-11602, Jul 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.03.225.
  • Z. Zakaria et al., "Effects of sulfurization temperature on Cu2ZnSnS4thin film deposited by single source thermal evaporation method," (in English), Jpn J Appl Phys, vol. 54, no. 8S1, p. 08KC18, Aug 2015, doi: 10.7567/jjap.54.08kc18.
  • E. M. Mkawi, Y. Al-Hadeethi, E. Shalaan, and E. Bekyarova, "Substrate temperature effect during the deposition of (Cu/Sn/Cu/Zn) stacked precursor CZTS thin film deposited by electron-beam evaporation," (in English), J Mater Sci-Mater El, vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 20476-20484, Dec 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10854-018-0182-y.
  • S. A. Vanalakar et al., "A review on pulsed laser deposited CZTS thin films for solar cell applications," (in English), J Alloy Compd, vol. 619, pp. 109-121, Jan 15 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.018.
  • H. Ahmoum et al., "Impact of preheating environment on microstructural and optoelectronic properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films deposited by spin-coating," (in English), Superlattice Microst, vol. 140, p. 106452, Apr 2020, doi: ARTN 106452 10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106452.
  • R. Boudaira, O. Meglali, A. Bouraiou, N. Attaf, C. Sedrati, and M. S. Aida, "Optimization of sulphurization temperature for the production of single-phase CZTS kesterite layers synthesized by electrodeposition," (in English), Surface Engineering, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1000-1011, Sep 1 2020, doi: 10.1080/02670844.2020.1758013.
  • K. V. Gunavathy, K. Tamilarasan, C. Rangasami, and A. M. S. Arulanantham, "Effect of solvent on the characteristic properties of nebulizer spray pyrolyzed Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber thin films for photovoltaic application," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 697, p. 137841, Mar 1 2020, doi: ARTN 137841 10.1016/j.tsf.2020.137841.
  • W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells," (in English), J Appl Phys, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 510-519, 1961, doi: 10.1063/1.1736034.
  • Y. Gong et al., "Identifying the origin of the V oc deficit of kesterite solar cells from the two grain growth mechanisms induced by Sn 2+ and Sn 4+ precursors in DMSO solution," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2369-2380, 2021.
  • M. Olgar, A. Sarp, A. Seyhan, and R. Zan, "Impact of stacking order and annealing temperature on properties of CZTS thin films and solar cell performance," Renewable Energy, vol. 179, pp. 1865-1874, 2021.
  • O. Vigil-Galán et al., "Secondary phases dependence on composition ratio in sprayed Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films and its impact on the high power conversion efficiency," (in English), Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 117, pp. 246-250, Oct 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.008.
  • H. Guan, H. L. Shen, C. Gao, and X. C. He, "Sulfurization time effects on the growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by solution method," (in English), J Mater Sci-Mater El, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 2667-2671, Aug 2013, doi: 10.1007/s10854-013-1153-y.
  • A. Emrani, P. Vasekar, and C. R. Westgate, "Effects of sulfurization temperature on CZTS thin film solar cell performances," Solar Energy, vol. 98, pp. 335-340, 2013.
  • S. Yazici et al., "Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 absorber layer on flexible metallic substrates for thin film solar cell applications," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 589, pp. 563-573, Aug 31 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2015.06.028.
  • J. He, L. Sun, Y. Chen, J. Jiang, P. Yang, and J. Chu, "Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cell utilizing rapid thermal process of precursors sputtered from a quaternary target: a promising application in industrial processes," (in English), RSC Adv., vol. 4, no. 81, pp. 43080-43086, 2014, doi: 10.1039/c4ra07748b.
  • M. A. Olgar et al., "Effect of precursor stacking order and sulfurization temperature on compositional homogeneity of CZTS thin films," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 615, pp. 402-408, Sep 30 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.07.058.
  • M. A. Olgar, M. Tomakin, T. Kucukomeroglu, and E. Bacaksız, "Growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films using short sulfurization periods," (in English), Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 5, May 2019, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aaff78.
  • V. Piacente, S. Foglia, and P. Scardala, "Sublimation study of the tin sulphides SnS2, Sn2S3 and SnS," J Alloy Compd, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 17-30, 1991.
  • M. A. Olgar, J. Klaer, R. Mainz, L. Ozyuzer, and T. Unold, "Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 -based thin films and solar cells by rapid thermal annealing processing," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 628, pp. 1-6, Apr 30 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.03.008.
  • P. A. Fernandes, P. M. P. Salome, and A. F. da Cunha, "Growth and Raman scattering characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films," (in English), Thin Solid Films, vol. 517, no. 7, pp. 2519-2523, Feb 2 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.031.
  • P. M. Salomé, P. A. Fernandes, J. P. Leitão, M. G. Sousa, J. P. Teixeira, and A. F. da Cunha, "Secondary crystalline phases identification in Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films: contributions from Raman scattering and photoluminescence," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 49, no. 21, pp. 7425-7436, 2014.
  • F. Hergert and R. Hock, "Predicted formation reactions for the solid-state syntheses of the semiconductor materials Cu2SnX3 and Cu2ZnSnX4 (X= S, Se) starting from binary chalcogenides," Thin Solid Films, vol. 515, no. 15, pp. 5953-5956, 2007.
  • J. B. Li, V. Chawla, and B. M. Clemens, "Investigating the role of grain boundaries in CZTS and CZTSSe thin film solar cells with scanning probe microscopy," Advanced Materials, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 720-723, 2012.
  • M. A. Olgar, A. Seyhan, A. O. Sarp, and R. Zan, "The choice of Zn or ZnS layer in the stacked precursors for preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films," (in English), Superlattice Microst, vol. 146, p. 106669, Oct 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106669.
  • H. Katagiri, N. Ishigaki, T. Ishida, and K. Saito, "Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4Thin Films Prepared by Vapor Phase Sulfurization," (in English), Jpn J Appl Phys, vol. 40, no. Part 1, No. 2A, pp. 500-504, Feb 2001, doi: 10.1143/jjap.40.500.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Classical Physics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Ali Olğar 0000-0002-6359-8316

Yavuz Atasoy 0000-0002-6382-992X

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE M. A. Olğar and Y. Atasoy, “PREPARATION OF CZTS THIN FILM EMPLOYING RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING METHOD”, (EJSET), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 29–35, 2022, doi: 10.55696/ejset.1098850.