Understanding relationship between physical quality indicators and organic carbon in soils affected by long-time continuous cultivation under sub-humid ecosystem

Abstract

The objectives of this present study were to analyses soils and find out some soil quality properties and check relationship between soil compaction, crust formation and erodibility - K of the soils with the soil organic carbon (SOC) amount in the surface (0-20 cm) and subsurface (20-40 cm) soils affected by long-time continuous cultivation under sub-humid environmental condition. The research out comes showed that soil compaction, crust formation, erodibility K is highly significantly (P < 0.001) related to organic carbon, organic carbon stock, organic matter and between each other. The research also identifies that the study area generally, has clay texture, neutral pH, low amount of the CaCO3, high amount of OC and OM in top layer (0-20 cm) and moderate amount in bottom layer (20-40 cm). It was not identified significant differences between the soil properties in surface and subsurface soil layers.

Keywords

• Soil organic carbon
• compaction
• crust formation
• erodibility- K

References

1. Alaboz, P., Demir, S. Dengiz, O., 2021. Assessment of various pedotransfer functions for the prediction of the dry bulk density of cultivated soils in a semiarid environment. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 52(7): 724-742
2. Bouyoucos, G.J.,1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agronomy Journal 54(5): 464-465.
3. Demirağ Turan, İ,. Dengiz, O., 2021. Determination and mapping of crust formation risk situations of çorum basin soils. Aegean Geographical Journal 30(2): 289-298 [in Turkish].
4. Dengiz, O., 2020. Soil quality index for paddy fields based on standard scoring functions and weight allocation method. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 66(3): 301-315.
5. Dikinya, O., 2013. Using universal soil loss equation and soil erodibility factor to assess soil erosion in Tshesebe village, north east Botswana. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(30): 4170–4178.
6. Doran, J.W., Jones, A.J., 1996. Methods for assessing soil quality. SSSA Special Publication Number 49. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 410p.
7. FAO., 1979. Soil survey investigations for irrigation. FAO Soils Bulletin 42. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. 187p. Available at [Access date: 15.08.2022]: http://www.fao.org/3/a-ar121e.pdf
8. Hazelton, P., Murphy, B., 2016. Interpreting soil test results: What do all the numbers mean?. CSIRO publishing. 152p.

9. IPCC., 2003. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Good practice guidance for land use, land use change and forestry. Penman, J., Gytarsky, M., Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Kruger, D., Pipatti, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K., Wagner, F. (Eds.), IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, C/o Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Hayama, Japan. 590p. Available at [Access date: 15.08.2022]: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/GPG_LULUCF_FULL.pdf
10. Kacar, B. 2016. Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Toprak Analizleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye. 632p. [in Turkish].
11. Karlen, D.L., Ditzler, C.A., Andrews, S.S., 2003. Soil quality: Why and how? Geoderma 114(3-4): 145–156.
12. Karlen, D.L., Mausbach, M.J., Doran, J.W., Cline, R.G., Harris, R.F., Schuman, G.E., 1997. Soil quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation (A Guest Editorial). Soil Science Society of America Journal 61(1): 4-10.
13. Keshavarzi, A., Sarmadian, A., 2012. Mapping of spatial distribution of soil salinity and alkalinity in a semi-arid region. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences –SGGW, Land Reclamation 44(1): 3–14.
14. Kumar, D., Bansal, M.L., Phogat, V.K., 2009. Compactability in relation to texture and organic matter content of alluvial soils. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 43(3): 180-186.
15. Li, J., Heap, A.D., 2008. A review of spatial interpolation methods for environmental scientists. Geoscience Australia, Record 2008/23, GeoCat # 68229. Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. 137p.
16. Maïga-Yaleu, S., Guiguemde, I., Yacouba, H., Karambiri, H., Ribolzi, O., Bary, A., Ouedraogo, R., Chaplot, V., 2013. Soil crusting impact on soil organic carbon losses by water erosion. Catena 107: 26–34.
17. Murphy, B.W., 2014. Soil organic matter and soil function - review of the literature and underlying data. Effects of soil organic matter on functional soil properties. Australian Goverment, Department of the Environment, Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Canberra, Australia. 155p. Available at [Access date: 15.08.2022]: https://ecaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Soil_Organic_Matter-Brian_Murphy.pdf
18. Négyesi, G., Szabó, S., Buró, B., Mohammed, S., Lóki, J., Rajkai, K., Holb, I.J., 2021. Influence of soil moisture and crust formation on soil evaporation rate: A wind tunnel experiment in Hungary. Agronomy 11(5): 935.
19. Olson, K.R., 2013. Soil organic carbon sequestration, storage, retention and loss in U.S. croplands: Issues paper for protocol development. Geoderma 195–196: 201–206.
20. Pagliai, M., Vignozzi, N., Pellegrini, S., 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil and Tillage Research 79(2): 131–143.
21. Ruiz-Colmenero, M., Bienes, R., Eldridge, D. J., Marques, M. J., 2013. Vegetation cover reduces erosion and enhances soil organic carbon in a vineyard in the central Spain. Catena 104: 153-160.
22. Schoonover, J., Crim, J., 2015. An introduction to soil concepts and role soils in watershed management. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 154(1): 21-47.
23. Shahgholi, G., Jnatkhah, J., 2018. Investigation of the effects of organic matter application on soil compaction. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28(2): 175–185.
24. Soil Survey Staff, 2014. Kellogg soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Version 5.0, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. 1001p. Available at [Access date: 15.08.2022]: https://data.neonscience.org/documents/10179/2357445/KelloggSSL_MethodsManual_Report42Version5_2014/da9589dd-3278-402b-a5d4-02dc0c9c762c
25. Smith, C.W., Johnston, M.A., Lorentz, S., 1997. The effect of soil compaction and soil physical properties on the mechanical resistance of South African forestry soils. Geoderma 78(1-2): 93–111.
26. Stone, J.A., Larson, W.E., 1980. Rebound of five one-dimensionally compressed unsaturated granular soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44(4): 819–822.
27. Turan, M., Dengiz, O., Turan Demirağ, İ., 2018. Determination of soil moisture and temperature regimes for Samsun province according to newhall model. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research 5(2): 131-142. [in Turkish].
28. van Wambeke, A.R., 2000. The Newhall simulation model for estimating soil moisture and temperature regimes. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
29. Wilding, L.P., 1985. Spatial variability: Its documentation, accommodation and implication to soil surveys. In: Soil Spatial Variability: Proceedings of a Workshop of the ISSS and the SSSA, 30 November-1 December 1984. Nielsen D.R., Bouma, J. (Eds.). Las Vegas, USA, pp.166-194.
30. Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D., 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion loses a guide to conservation planning. United States Department of Agronomy, Agriculture Handbook No:557, Washington, USA. 163p.
31. Yan, Y., Xin, X., Xu, X., Wang, X., Yang, G., Yan, R., Chen, B., 2013. Quantitative effects of wind erosion on the soil texture and soil nutrients under different vegetation coverage in a semiarid steppe of northern China. Plant and Soil 369: 585–598.