Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan

Rakhmetulla Zhapparbergenov; Perizat Bulanbayeva; Ibadulla Tautenov; Serik Bekzhanov; Laura Tokhetova; Nursulu Yesmakhan; Raushan Nurymova; Kuanysh Karabayev; Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva

doi:10.18393/ejss.1944628

Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan

Abstract

Salt-affected soils are a major constraint to rice production in the arid irrigated environments of Central Asia, including the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan. This study assessed the agronomic response of rice to different phosphogypsum (PG) application rates under local paddy-field conditions. A field experiment was conducted during the 2025 growing season under a uniform nitrogen background of N120, with four treatments: 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t PG ha⁻¹. Plant density, plant survival until harvest, grain yield, and major yield components were evaluated. The experimental soil was heavy-textured and alkaline, while the irrigation environment was salt-affected. Phosphogypsum application improved all measured agronomic traits relative to the untreated control. Plant density increased from 240 ± 8.5 plants m⁻² in the control to 255 ± 7.2, 268 ± 6.9, and 271 ± 7.8 plants m⁻² at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t PG ha⁻¹, respectively. Plant survival rose from 89.4% in the control to 91.8%, 94.2%, and 96.3% with increasing PG rate. Grain yield increased from 4.28 ± 0.21 t ha⁻¹ in the control to 4.55 ± 0.18, 4.79 ± 0.15, and 4.84 ± 0.17 t ha⁻¹ at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t PG ha⁻¹, respectively. Productive stems, plant height, grains per main panicle, grain weight per panicle, and 1000-grain weight also increased progressively with phosphogypsum application. The highest numerical values for grain yield and all yield components were obtained at 7.5 t ha⁻¹, although the gain over 5.0 t ha⁻¹ was relatively small. These results indicate that phosphogypsum is an effective amendment for improving rice productivity in salt-affected irrigated soils of the Kyzylorda region. Within the tested range, 7.5 t ha⁻¹ provided the strongest agronomic response, while the limited yield increment beyond 5.0 t ha⁻¹ suggests diminishing return at the highest application rate.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors thank the Branch of "Kazphosphate" LLP – "Mineral Fertilizers Plant" (MFP) in Taraz for providing the phosphogypsum used in this study free of charge. Also, the authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful evaluation and valuable comments, which which contributed to improving the quality of the manuscript.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Rakhmetulla Zhapparbergenov This is me
0000-0002-0567-3226
Kazakhstan

Perizat Bulanbayeva ^* This is me
0000-0002-3879-0680
Kazakhstan

Ibadulla Tautenov This is me
0000-0002-6837-1970
Kazakhstan

Serik Bekzhanov This is me
0000-0002-7876-8779
Kazakhstan

Laura Tokhetova
0000-0003-2053-6956
Kazakhstan

Nursulu Yesmakhan This is me
0009-0005-2905-1914
Kazakhstan

Raushan Nurymova This is me
0000-0002-9647-7959
Kazakhstan

Kuanysh Karabayev This is me
0000-0002-8352-2802
Kazakhstan

Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva This is me
0000-0002-1815-9461
Kazakhstan

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

October 12, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 15 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1944628

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA58RN66WW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Zhapparbergenov, R., Bulanbayeva, P., Tautenov, I., Bekzhanov, S., Tokhetova, L., Yesmakhan, N., Nurymova, R., Karabayev, K., & Kenzhaliyeva, B. (2026). Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 15(3), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1944628

AMA

1.Zhapparbergenov R, Bulanbayeva P, Tautenov I, et al. Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. EJSS. 2026;15(3):387-397. doi:10.18393/ejss.1944628

Chicago

Zhapparbergenov, Rakhmetulla, Perizat Bulanbayeva, Ibadulla Tautenov, et al. 2026. “Response of Rice to Phosphogypsum Application Rates in Salt-Affected Paddy Soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15 (3): 387-97. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1944628.

EndNote

Zhapparbergenov R, Bulanbayeva P, Tautenov I, Bekzhanov S, Tokhetova L, Yesmakhan N, Nurymova R, Karabayev K, Kenzhaliyeva B (June 1, 2026) Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15 3 387–397.

IEEE

[1]R. Zhapparbergenov et al., “Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan”, EJSS, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 387–397, June 2026, doi: 10.18393/ejss.1944628.

ISNAD

Zhapparbergenov, Rakhmetulla - Bulanbayeva, Perizat - Tautenov, Ibadulla - Bekzhanov, Serik - Tokhetova, Laura - Yesmakhan, Nursulu - Nurymova, Raushan - Karabayev, Kuanysh - Kenzhaliyeva, Bakhytkul. “Response of Rice to Phosphogypsum Application Rates in Salt-Affected Paddy Soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15/3 (June 1, 2026): 387-397. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1944628.

JAMA

1.Zhapparbergenov R, Bulanbayeva P, Tautenov I, Bekzhanov S, Tokhetova L, Yesmakhan N, Nurymova R, Karabayev K, Kenzhaliyeva B. Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. EJSS. 2026;15:387–397.

MLA

Zhapparbergenov, Rakhmetulla, et al. “Response of Rice to Phosphogypsum Application Rates in Salt-Affected Paddy Soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 15, no. 3, June 2026, pp. 387-9, doi:10.18393/ejss.1944628.

Vancouver

1.Rakhmetulla Zhapparbergenov, Perizat Bulanbayeva, Ibadulla Tautenov, Serik Bekzhanov, Laura Tokhetova, Nursulu Yesmakhan, Raushan Nurymova, Kuanysh Karabayev, Bakhytkul Kenzhaliyeva. Response of rice to phosphogypsum application rates in salt-affected paddy soil of the Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan. EJSS. 2026 Jun. 1;15(3):387-9. doi:10.18393/ejss.1944628