Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania

Melkizedeck F. Dunda; Boniface H. Massawe; Salim M. Maliondo

doi:10.18393/ejss.1976329

Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania

Abstract

Combining biochar with inorganic fertilizers has gained global significance as a strategy for improving soil fertility; however, the agronomic and biogeochemical responses of soil remain inconsistent across environments and are further underexplored in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the interactive effects of biochar and inorganic fertilizer on soil chemical properties and soil CO₂ efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. A 3 × 3 factorial field experiment was conducted using three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha⁻¹) and three NPK fertilizer rates (0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹). The efflux was measured using an EGM-5 infrared gas analyzer at 101, 108, 115, 122, and 129 days after biochar application. Selected soil properties: Electrical Conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and calcium were measured before and after treatment application. Results showed treatments had no statistically significant effects on soil CO₂ efflux (p > 0.05). Biochar at 10 t ha⁻¹ combined with 50 kg ha⁻¹ fertilizer significantly increased available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, and electrical conductivity. The combination of 5 t ha⁻¹ biochar with 50 kg ha⁻¹ fertilizer significantly improved total nitrogen, while 5 t ha⁻¹ biochar with 100 kg ha⁻¹ fertilizer significantly improved exchangeable potassium. Principal component analysis revealed treatment-related patterns in soil chemical properties and CO₂ efflux, with B2F1 and B1F2 generally associated with higher organic carbon, total nitrogen, and Cation Exchange Capacity along PC1. Overall, combined biochar and fertilizer treatments tended to separate from low-input treatments in the multivariate space, suggesting distinct soil response patterns.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors are grateful to the management of Sokoine University of Agriculture for providing supervision, funding, and learning facilities during the study period. We greatly recognize and appreciate support from Sustainable Agriculture Tanzania (SAT). We also thank Dr. Eva Mtengeti and Mr. Walter Msangi from SUA for the soil laboratory analysis for this study. The authors also thank Mr. Shedrack Mhehe and Mr. Luqman Seif for their assistance with data collection and sample analysis.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Melkizedeck F. Dunda ^* This is me
0009-0001-1038-9975
Tanzania

Boniface H. Massawe This is me
0000-0002-8233-7058
Tanzania

Salim M. Maliondo This is me
0009-0000-4593-4139
Tanzania

Publication Date

October 5, 2026

Submission Date

January 30, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 15 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1976329

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA67CU47BC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Dunda, M. F., Massawe, B. H., & Maliondo, S. M. (2026). Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 15(4), 476-488. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1976329

AMA

1.Dunda MF, Massawe BH, Maliondo SM. Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. EJSS. 2026;15(4):476-488. doi:10.18393/ejss.1976329

Chicago

Dunda, Melkizedeck F., Boniface H. Massawe, and Salim M. Maliondo. 2026. “Co-Application of Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer Improves Soil Chemical Properties Without Increasing Carbon Dioxide Efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15 (4): 476-88. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1976329.

EndNote

Dunda MF, Massawe BH, Maliondo SM (October 1, 2026) Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15 4 476–488.

IEEE

[1]M. F. Dunda, B. H. Massawe, and S. M. Maliondo, “Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania”, EJSS, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 476–488, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.18393/ejss.1976329.

ISNAD

Dunda, Melkizedeck F. - Massawe, Boniface H. - Maliondo, Salim M. “Co-Application of Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer Improves Soil Chemical Properties Without Increasing Carbon Dioxide Efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 15/4 (October 1, 2026): 476-488. https://doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1976329.

JAMA

1.Dunda MF, Massawe BH, Maliondo SM. Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. EJSS. 2026;15:476–488.

MLA

Dunda, Melkizedeck F., et al. “Co-Application of Biochar and Inorganic Fertilizer Improves Soil Chemical Properties Without Increasing Carbon Dioxide Efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania”. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, vol. 15, no. 4, Oct. 2026, pp. 476-88, doi:10.18393/ejss.1976329.

Vancouver

1.Melkizedeck F. Dunda, Boniface H. Massawe, Salim M. Maliondo. Co-application of biochar and inorganic fertilizer improves soil chemical properties without increasing carbon dioxide efflux in Alfisols of Morogoro, Tanzania. EJSS. 2026 Oct. 1;15(4):476-88. doi:10.18393/ejss.1976329