Influence of Olea europea L. and Ficus Carrica L. fine root activity on the K biodisponibility and clay mineralogy of the rhizosphere

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of fine root activity of Olea europea L. and Ficus carrica L. of soil in its immediate vicinity (in the so-called rhizosphere zone). The study was conducted on two stations in Northern Algeria: Guendoul and Bouira. Olea europea L. and Ficus carrica L. roots significantly modified some chemical properties of rhizosphere soil. Increases of soil carbon, KNH₄⁺ and KHNO₃^- were observed in the Olea europea L. and Ficus carrica L rhizosphere soil at both stations. Bulk and rhizosphere soil clay mineralogy was similar. Interstratified illite-smectite, smectite-illite and illite were predominant in the clay fraction. Chlorite and kaolinite were less represented. The decomposition of XRD diffractograms of two soil clay fractions using the Decomp program revealed that Olea europea L. roots promote nK⁺ storage in interlayer position. Indeed, the lower abscissa position of the gravity center (cg) of the X-ray patterns, the peak displacement of clays populations  PCI, I/S, S/I  toward illite peak position indicates  an increase of  “illite-like” layer content in the vicinity of Olea europea L. roots. Olea europea L. roots appeared to have more influence on the rhizosphere soil than Ficus carrica L. roots  probably because of its higher root biomass and the greater activity of the tree in winter (contrary to Ficus Carrica L., Olea europea L. keep their leaves in winter). The two species underground activity seems to be well reflected in their respective rhizosphere.

Keywords

• -

References

1. April, R., Keller, D., 1990. Mineralogy of the rhizosphere in forest soils of the eastern United States. Biogeochemistry 9: 1–18.
2. Augusto, L., Ranger, J., Binkley, D., Rothe, A., 2002. Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. Annals of Forest Science 59(3): 233-253.
3. Augusto, L., Ranger, J., Turpault, M.P., Bonnaud, P., 2001. Experimental in situ transformation of vermiculites to study the weathering impact of tree species on the soil. European Journal of Soil Science 52: 81-92.
4. Barré, P., Velde, B., Catel, N., Abbadie, L., 2007. Soil-plant potassium transfer: impact of plant activity on clay minerals as seen from X-ray diffraction. Plant and Soil 292: 137-146.
5. Binkley, D., 1995. The influence of tree species on forest soils: Process and Patterns. In: Mead DJ, Cornforth IS (eds) Proceeding of the trees and soil workshop. Agronomy Society of New Zealand Special Publication, Lincoln University, Canterbury, 1–33.
6. Bonkowski, M., Cheng, W., Griffiths, B.S., Alpha, J., Scheu, S., 2000. Microbial-faunal interactions in the rhizosphere and effects on plant growth. European Journal of Soil Biology 36: 135-147.
7. Calvaruso, C., N’Dira, V., Turpault, M.P., 2011. Impact of common European tree species and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb. ]Franco) on the physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 342 (1-2): 469-480.
8. Chen, Y.M., Wang, M.K., Zhuang, S.Y., Chiang, P.N., 2006. Chemical and physical properties of rhizosphere and bulk soils of three tea plants cultivated in Ultisols. Geoderma 136: 378-387.

9. Chiu, C.Y., Wang, M.K., Hwong, J.L., King, H.B., 2002. Physical and chemical properties in rhizosphere and bulk soils of Tsuga and Yushania in a temperate rain forest. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33: 1723-1735.
10. Courchesne, F., Gobran, G.R., 1997. Mineralogical variation of bulk and rhizosphere soils from a Norway spruce stand. Soil Science Society America Journal 61: 1245-1249.
11. Darrah, P.R., Jones, D.L., Kirk, G.J.D., Roose, T., 2006. Modelling the rhizosphere: a review of methods for up scaling to the whole-plant scale. European Journal of Soil Science 57: 13-25.
12. Dinesh, R., Srinivasan, V., Hamza, S.V.A., Parthasarathy, V.A., Aipe, K.C., 2010. Physico-chemical, biochemical and microbial properties of the rhizospheric soils of tree species used as supports for black pepper cultivation in the humid tropics. Geoderma 158: 252-258.
13. Goulding, K.W.T., 1987. Potassium fixation and release in: Methodology in soil potassium research. 20th colloque of I.P.I., 125-141.
14. Grayston, S.J., Vaughan, D., Jones, D., 1996. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plant: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 29-56.
15. Hinsinger, P., Plassard, C., Tang, C., Jaillard, B., 2003. Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their response to environmental constraints. Plant and Soil 248: 43-59.
16. Jackson, M.L., 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis. Asia publishing House, Bombay, India.
17. Lanson, B., 1997. Decomposition of experimental X-ray diffraction patterns (profile fitting): A convenient way to study clays. Clays and Clay Minerals 45: 132-146.
18. Ma, B., Zhou, Z.Y., Zhang, C.P., Zhang, G., Hu, Y.J., 2009. Inorganic phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of xerophytic shrubs in the Alxa Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 73(1): 55-61.
19. Mouas Bourbia, S., Barré, P., Boudiaf Naït Kaci, M., Derridj, A., Velde, B., 2013. Potassium status in bulk and rhizospheric soils of olive groves in North Algeria. Geoderma 197-198: 161–168.
20. Romheld, V., Neuman, G., 2006. The rhizosphere: Contributions of the Soil-Root interface to sustainable soil systems in Biological Approach, to sustainable soil systems. Ed. CRC Taylor and Francis Group, 91-103.
21. Smith, W.H., 1976. Character and significance of forest tree root exudates. Ecology 57: 324-331.
22. Turpault, M.P., Nys, C., Calvaruso, C., 2009. Rhizosphere impact on the dissolution of test minerals in a forest ecosystem. Geoderma 153: 147-154.
23. Turpault, M.P., Righi, D., Utérano, C., 2008. Clay minerals: Precise markers of the spatial and temporal variability of the biogeochemical soil environment. Geoderma 147: 108-115.
24. Turpault, M.P., Uterano, C., Boudot, J.P., Ranger, J., 2005. Influence of mature Douglas fir roots on the solid soil phase of rhizosphere and soil solution chemistry. Plant and Soil 275: 327-336.
25. Vincenzo, D.M., Arienzo, M., Adamo, P., Violante, P., 2003. Availability of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium in ‘‘Bulk’’ and ‘‘Rhizosphere’’ Soil of Field-Grown Corn Determined by Electro-ultrafiltration. Journal of Plant Nutrition 26(6): 1149-1168.
26. Zhu, H., Liu, Z., Wang, C., Zhong, Z., 2006. Effects of intercropping with persimmon on the rhizosphere environment of tea. Frontiers of Biology in China 4: 407-410.