Structural Controls of High-Temperature and Deep Geothermal Systems Associated with Detachment Fault

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 62 - 72, 30.06.2022

Adil Özdemir Yildiray Palabıyık Fahri Arabacı

https://doi.org/10.36222/ejt.955186

Abstract

In this study, the structural controls of a high-temperature system (188 to 287 oC) associated with the detachment fault in Gediz Graben generating approximately half of this electricity generation in Turkey which is in the top five of the world in the generation of electricity from geothermal resources are examined.
The high-temperature geothermal reservoirs associated with detachment fault in the study area have formed along the normal faults nearly in E-W orientation and in intensely fractured rocks in a structurally complex manner associated with transfer faults approximately in N-S orientation. Generally, it has been determined that the reservoirs are closely located to strike-slip faults intersecting, overlapping, and/or terminated with Quaternary transfer faults.

Keywords

High-temperature geothermal field, Detachment fault, Transfer fault, Listric faulting, Western Anatolia

References

• Ozdemir, A. “Geothermal Energy in Turkey: Potential, exploration methods, and features of known geothermal fields”. Elma Publishing 354 p., 2012 (in Turkish).
• Ozdemir, A., Yaşar, E., Çevik, G. “An importance of the geological investigations in Kavaklıdere geothermal field (Turkey)”. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources 3, 29-49, 2017.
• Ozdemir, A. Palabiyik, Y. “A new method for geological interpretation of 3D MT (Magnetotelluric) depth maps of high-temperature and deep geothermal fields: A case study from Western Turkey”. Paper Presented at the 2nd Congress on Applied Sciences, Ankara, Turkey, 28-30 October, 2019.
• Ozdemir, A., Palabiyik, Y. Geological interpretation methods of resistivity measurements of high-temperature and deep geothermal fields: A study from Western Anatolia. European Journal of Science and Technology, 17, 1075-1091. 2019 (in Turkish).
• Hacıoğlu, Ö., Başokur, A.T., Diner, Ç., et al. “The effect of active extensional tectonics on the structural controls and heat transport mechanism in the Menderes Massif geothermal province: Inferred from three-dimensional electrical resistivity structure of the Kurşunlu geothermal field (Gediz Graben, western Anatolia)”. Geothermics, 85, 101708, 2020
• Üner, S., Dogan, D.D. “An integrated geophysical, hydrological, thermal approach to finite volume modelling of fault-controlled geothermal fluid circulation in Gediz Graben”. Geothermics, 90, 102004, 2021.
• Ülgen, B.U., Damcı, E., Rose, F. “A new insight of the geothermal systems in Turkey: First geothermal power plant in mountainous area, “ÖZMEN-1 GEPP”. Presented at the 7th Geological Congress of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey, 23-27 April, 2018.
• Aydin, H., Akin, S., Şentürk, E. “Evaluation of Production Capacity of Geothermal Power Plants in Turkey”. GRC Transactions, 40, 163-174, 2020.
• Aydin, H., Akin, S., Tüzen, M.K., et al. “Artificial lifting in liquid dominated high-temperature geothermal fields in Turkey: Lessons learned”. Paper Presented at the 46th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, 15-17 February, 2021.
• Aydin, H., Merey, Ş. “Changing casing-design of new geothermal wells in western Anatolia for adapting to the changes in reservoir conditions”. Paper Presented at the 46th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, 15-17 February, 2021.
• Mertoğlu, O., Şimşek, Ş., and Başarır, N., “Geothermal energy use: Projections and country update for Turkey”. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020, Reykjavik, Iceland, April 26 - May 2, 2020.
• Mertoğlu, O., Şimşek, Ş., Başarır, N., Paksoy, H., “Geothermal energy use, country update for Turkey”. European Geothermal Congress 2019, Den Haag, The Netherlands, 11-14 June, 2019.
• Canbaz, C.H., Temizel, C., Palabıyık, Y., Balıkçıoğlu, A., Yılmaz, İ.Ö., Aytuna, S., Aminzadehd, F., and Pamir, N., “Evaluation of geothermal potential of Turkey as an alternative source of energy under demand and supply dynamics of other energy resources”. Turkey IV. Scientific and Technical Petroleum Congress, Ankara, Türkiye, 18 - 20 Kasım, pp. 37-48, 2020.
• Haklidir, F.S.T., and Nyokabi, J., “The comparison of reservoir characterizations and operational challenges at high temperature geothermal reservoirs in western Anatolia (Turkey) and Kenya”. Proceedings, 8th African Rift Geothermal Conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 - 8 November, 2020.
• European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC), “Geothermal Market Report; Key Findings”, 23 p., 2021.
• Ozdemir, A., Palabiyik, Y., Arabaci, F. “Geological structure and geothermal potentıal of the southeastern Alaşehir, Gediz Graben (western Anatolia, Turkey)”. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (in press), 2021.
• Yılmaz, Y., Genç, S.C., Gürer, Ö.F., et al. “When did western Anatolian grabens begin to develop?” In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., and Piper, J.D.A. (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society London Special Publications, 173, 353-384, 2000.
• Purvis, M., Robertson, A.H.F. “Sedimentation of the Neogene-Recent Alasehir (Gediz) continental graben system used to test alternative tectonic models from western (Aegean) Turkey”. Sedimentary Geology 173, 373-408, 2005.
• Ersoy, Y.E., Helvaci, C. Stratigraphy and geochemical features of the Early Miocene bimodal (ultrapotassic and calc-alkaline) volcanic activity within the NE trending Selendi Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 2007, 16: 117-139.
• Ersoy, Y.E., Helvaci, C., Sözbilir, H. “Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the NE-SW-trending superimposed Selendi basin: Implications for late Cenozoic crustal extension in Western Anatolia, Turkey”. Tectonophysics, 488, 210-232, 2010.
• Bozkurt, E. “Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey”. Geodinamica Acta, 16: 61-81, 2003.
• Arpat, E., Bingol, E. The rift system of western Turkey: Thoughts on its development. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 1969, 75: 1-9.
• Eyidogan, H., Jackson, J. “A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alasehir, and Gediz earthquakes of 1969-70 in western Turkey: Implication for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust”. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 81, 569-607, 1985.
• Çiftçi, N.B., Bozkurt, E. “Pattern of normal faulting in the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey”. Tectonophysics, 473, 234-260, 2009.
• Çiftçi, N.B., Bozkurt, E. Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey: Temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research 2010, 22: 846-873.
• Gürer, A., Gürer, Ö.F., Pinçe, A., et al. “Conductivity structure along the Gediz graben, West Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonic implications”. International Geology Review, 43, 1129-1144, 2001.
• Faure, A., Jolivet, L., Verlaguet, A., et al. “Fluid circulations in detachment faults: insights from Mykonos Metamorphic Core Complex”. EGU General Assembly, 4-8 May, 2020.
• Ozdemir, A., Arabaci, F., Palabiyik, Y. “Reevaluation of geothermal potential of Çubukludağ Graben (Western Anatolia, Turkey)”. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 3(2), 70-88, 2021.
• Kaya, A., Aydın, A., Taşdelen, S., et al. “An assessment on heat source of geothermal fields in Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens, SW Turkey”. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, 5(3), 36-42, 2017.
• Roche, V., Sternaid, P., Guillou-Frottier, L. et al. “Emplacement of metamorphic core complexes and associated geothermal systems controlled by slab dynamics”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498, 322-333, 2018.
• Roche, V., Bouchot, V., Beccaletto, L., Jolivet, L. et al. “Structural, lithological, and geodynamic controls on geothermal activity in the Menderes geothermal Province (Western Anatolia, Turkey)”. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 108, 301-328, 2019.
• Hermant, B., Colas, E., Patriarche, D., Auxiètre, J., and Bellanger, M. “New Classification of High Temperature Geothermal Systems Based on 110 Geothermal Fields Worldwide”. European Geothermal Congress, Den Haag, The Netherlands, 11-14 June, 2019.
• Aksu, B. “Structural Controls on Kızıldere Geothermal Field, Denizli-Turkey”. Middle East Technical University, MSc Thesis, Ankara, 2019.
• Faulds, J.E. and Hinz, N.E. “Favorable tectonic and structural settings of geothermal systems in the Great Basin region, Western USA: Proxies for discovering blind geothermal systems”. Proceedings Presented at World Geothermal Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April, 2015.
• Ozdemir, A. and Palabiyik, Y. “Role of scissor faults in geothermal reservoir occurrence”. Presented at Congress of UMUH-BILMES, Ankara, Turkey, 07-10 November, 2019.
• Palabiyik, Y. and Ozdemir, A. “Potential of detachment folds to become a geothermal reservoir in a horst”. Presented at Congress of UMUH-BILMES, Ankara, Turkey, 07-10 November, 2019.
• Moeck, I. “Catalog of geothermal play types based on geologic controls”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 867-882, 2014.