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Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 60 - 78, 31.01.2017

Abstract

Heat stress is a major yield limiting factor of wheat productivity in India. Therefore, development of high temperature tolerant wheat
genotype is an important objective of wheat breeding. Significant differences for the years, genotypes and their interactions indicated
that the responses of genotypes under heat stress varied not only among themselves, but also over the years. This suggested the need
for evaluation of wheat genotypes over a wide range of environments/years for obtaining consistent expression for heat tolerance.
There was considerable influence of high temperature stress in both years as grain yield was reduced nearly about 50% under late
sown experiment as compared to that of timely sown conditions. Only one genotype, i.e., Raj 3765 have shown significantly high
yield under both conditions indicating a complementation of high yield and heat resistance genes. The genotypes DBW 88, HD
2967, HI 1563, HI 1571, NIAW 1951, Raj 4083 and UP 2425 were with significantly high yield under timely sown, while HD 2932,
PBW1 75, PBW 373, Raj 3765, UAS 320, WH1124, WH 1142 and WH1164 were promising for grain yield under heat stress and
for physiological parameters undertaken. Indices of heat tolerance, i.e., heat response index (HRI) and heat susceptibility index
(HSI) were the most promising traits because of their strong associations with heat tolerance parameters, namely, tetrazolium
triphenyle chloride test (TTC) and cell membrane stability (CMS), and due to their significance for their mean values for majority
of the genotypes under heat stress conditions. In addition, the above traits had a contribution of about 70% of the total variation for
heat tolerance as revealed by principal component analysis in the material under study. The diversity and spatial analysis revealed
that the contrasting genotypes in terms of heat tolerance and spatial distribution may generate the desirable segregating material for
improvement of heat tolerance in bread wheat.

References

  • Allakhverdiev SI, Kreslavski, VD, Klimov VV (2008). Heat stress: An overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis. Photosyn. Res. 98: 541-550 Anonymous (2014). Progress Report of All India Coordinated Wheat & Barley Improvement Project 2013-14, Director’s Report. Ed. Indu Sharma, Indian Institute of Wheat and barley Research, Karnal, India, p. 120. Anonymous (2015). Progress Report of All India Coordinated Wheat & Barley Improvement Project 2014-15, Director’s Report. Ed. Indu Sharma, Indian Institute of Wheat and barley Research, Karnal, India, p. 116. Asseng S, Fosterw I, and Turner NC (2011). The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biol. (online). doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2010.02262.x Asthir Bavita (2015). Protective mechanisms of heat tolerance in crop Plants. J. Plant Interactions 10(1): 202-210. Berridge MV, Tan AS, McCoy KD and Wang R. (1967). The biochemical and cellular basis of cell proliferation assays that use tetrazolium salts. Plant Physiol. 42: 1423-1426. Bidinger FR, Mahalakshmi V and Rao GDP (1987). Assessment of drought resistance in pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke]. I. Factors affecting yields under stress. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 38:37-48. Bita CE and Gerats T (2013). Plant to lerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamental sand production of heat stresstolerant crops. Plant Sci. 4(273):1-18. Blum A, Klueva N and Nguyen HT (2001). Wheat cellular thermotolerance is related to yield under stress. Euphytica. 117, 117-123. Chen HH, Shen ZY and Li PH (1982). Adaptability of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sci. 22: 719–725. Crul T, Toth N, Piotto S, Literati-Nagy P, Tory K, Haldimann P, Kalmar B, Reensmith L, Torok Z, Balogh G, Gombos I, Campana F, Concilio S, Gallyas F, Nagy G, Berente Z, Gungor B, Peter M, Glatz A, Hunya A, Literati-Nagy Z, Vigh LJ, Hoogstra-Berends F, Heeres A, Kuipers I, Loen L, Seerden J, Zhang D, Meijering RAM, Henning RH, Brundel BJJM, Kampinga HH, Koranyi L, Szilvassy Z, Mandl J, Sumegi B, Febbraio MA, Horvath I, Hooper PL and Vigh L (2013). Hydroximic acid derivatives: pleiotropic hsp coinducers restoring homeostasis and robustness. Curr.Pharm. Des. 19: 309-346. Czyczyło-Mysza IMT, Marcin´ska I, Skrzypek E, Karbarz M, Dziurka M, Hura T, Dziurka K, and Quarrie SA (2013). Quantitative trait loci for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in relation to biomass and yield in bread wheat and their chromosome deletion bin assignments. Mol Breeding 32:189-210. De Block M and De Brouwer D (2002). A simple and robust in vitro assay to quantify the vigour of oilseed rape lines and hybrids. Plant Physiol. Biochem.40(10) : 845-852. Dhanda SS and Munjal R (2012). Heat tolerance in relation to acquired thermotolerance for membrane lipids in bread wheat. Field Crops Res 135:30-37. Dhanda SS and Munjal R (2006). Inheritance of cellular thermotolerance in bread wheat. Plant Breeding. 125: 557-567. Dodig D, Zoric M, Knezjevic D, King SR, SjurlanMomirovic G (2010). Assessing drought tolerance and regional patterns of genetic diversity among spring and winter bread wheat using simple sequence repeats and phenotypic data. Crop Pasture Sci.61: 812-824. Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D (1998). Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression ilatteriis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 95, 14863–14868. Essemine J, Govindachary S, Ammar S, Bouzid S, Carpentier R (2011). Abolition of photosystem I cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis thaliana following thermal-stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 49 235-243. Everitt BS (1993). Cluster Analysis. Wiley, New York, NY. Everitt BS and Dunn G (1992). Applied Multivariate Data Analysis. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Farooq Muhammad, Bramley Helen, Palta Jairo A and Siddique K HM (2011). Heat Stress in Wheat during Reproductive and Grain-Filling Phases. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 30(6): 491-507. Fischer RA and Maurer R (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars.I. Grain yield response. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29:897-907. © Plant Breeders Union of Turkey (BİSAB) 77 Fisher KS, Johanson EC and Edmeades GO (1982). Breeding and selection for rought resistance in tropical maize. In: Drought Resistance in Crops with Emphasis on Rice, 377-399. IRRI, Manila, Philippines. Fitter AH and Hay RKM (2002). Environmental Physiology of Plants, 3rd ed.; Academic Press:London, UK. Garg N and Manchanda G (2009). ROS generation in plants: boon or bane? Plant Biosyst. 143:81-96. Georg L, Georg N and Mauricio H (2013). Physiological response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) genotypes to a temporary water deficit, as evaluated with a multiparameter fluorescence sensor. Acta Physiol Plant. 35:1763-1774. Gigon A, Matos AR, Laffray D, Yasmine ZF and Pham Thi AT (2004). Effect of drought stress on lipid metabolism in the leaves of arabidopsis thaliana (Ecotype Columbia). Ann. Bot. 94: 345-351. Gupta NK, Agarwal S, Agarwal VP, Nathawat NS, Gupta S and Singh G (2013). Effect of shortterm heat stress on growth, physiology and antioxidative defence system in wheat seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 35:1837-1842. Hameed A, Goher M and Iqbal N (2012). Heat stressinduced cell death, changes in antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and protease activity in wheat leaves. J. Plant Growth Regul.31:283-291. Harb A, Krishnan A, Ambavaram MMR and Pereira A (2010). Molecular and physiological analysis of drought stress in arabidopsis reveals early responses leading to acclimation in plant growth. Plant Physiol. 154: 1254-1271. Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MdM, Roychowdhury R and Fujita M (2013). Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14:9643-9684. Hays DB, Mason RE and Do JH (2007). Wheat production in stressed environments. In: Buck, H.T., Nisi, J.E. and Salomon, N. (eds) Springer, Dordrecht. Hemantaranjan A, Nishant Bhanu A, Singh MN, Yadav DK, Patel PK (2014). Heat stress responses and thermotolerance. Adv Plant Agric Res. 1:1-10. Ibrahim AMH and Quick JS (2001). Heritability of heat tolerance in winter and spring wheat. Crop Science. 41: 1401-1405. Jha UC, Bohra A and Singh NP (2014). Heat stress in crop plants: its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance. Plant Breeding 133(6): 679-701. Kornyeyev D, Holaday S and Logan B (2003). Predicting the extent of photosystem II photoinactivation using chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters measured during illumination. Plant Cell Physiol. 44:1064-1070. Kültz D (2005). Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67: 225-257. Mirza H, Kamrun N, MdMA, Rajib R and Masayuki F (2013). Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci. 14(5): 9643-9684 Magdalena K, Izabela B and Anna K (2015). Fractionation of Buckwheat Seed Phenolics and Analysis of Their Antioxidant Activity. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.65 (4):243-249 Morales D, Rodriguez P, Dellamico J, Nicolas E, Torrecillas A and Sanchez-Blanco MJ (2003). High-temperature preconditioning and thermal shock imposition affects water relations, gas exchange and root hydraulic conductivity in tomato. Biol. Plant. 47, 203-208. Munjal R and Dhanda SS (2016). Assessment of drought resistance in indian wheat cultivars for morpho-physiological traits. Ekin J. Crop Breeding Genetics 2(1):74-81. Penuelas J and Filella I (2001). Responses to a warming world. Science 294: 793-794. Parker GD, Fox PN, Langridge P, Chlamers K,Whan B, Ganter PF (2002). Genetic diversity within Australian wheat breeding programs based on molecular and pedigree data. Euphytica 124: 293-306 Pastore A, Martin SR, Politou A, Kondapalli KC, Stemmler T (2007). Unbiased cold denaturation: low- and high-temperature unfolding of yeast frataxin under physiological conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129:5374-5375. Rich PR, Mischis LA, Purton S and Wiskich JT (2001). The sites of interaction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride with mitochondrial respiratory chains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 202(2): 181-187. Rodríguez M, Canales E and Borrás-Hidalgo O (2005). Molecular aspects of abiotic stress in plants. Biotechnol. Appl. 22: 1-10. 3(2):60-78, 2017 78 bitki ıslahçıları alt birliği www.bisab.org.tr Ekin Journal Sareen S, Kundu S, Malik R, Dhillon OP and Singh SS (2015). Exploring indigenous wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm accessions for terminal heat tolerance. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 85(2):.37-42. Schöffl F, Prandl R and Reindl A (1999). Molecular responses to heat stress. In: Shinozaki, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (Eds.), Molecular Responses to Cold, Drought, Heat and Salt Stress in Higher Plants. R.G. Landes Co., Austin, Texas, pp. 81-98. Sharma P, Sareen S, Saini M, Verma A, Tyagi BS and Sharma I (2014). Assessing genetic variation for heat tolerance in synthetic wheat lines using phenotypic data and molecular markers. Australian journal of crop sciences. 8(4): 515-522. Singh P and Dwivedi P (2015). Morpho-physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under late sown condition. Vegetos 28 (1) : 16-25. Snedecor GW and Cochran (1981). Statistical Methods. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Sullivan CY (1972). Mechanisms of heat and drought resistance in grain sorghum and methods of measurements. In: N.G.O. Rao and L.R. House (Eds “Sorghum in seventies”), Oxford and IBH, ND, pp 112-120. Sun J, Luo H, Fu J and Huang G (2013). Classification of genetic variation for drought tolerance in Tall fescue using physiological traits and molecular markers. Crop Sci. 53: 647-654. Towill LE and Mazur P (1974). Studies on the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a viability assay for plant tissue culture. Can J Bot 53: 1097-1102. Varshney RK, Bansal KC, Aggarwal PK, Datta SK and Craufurd PQ (2011). Agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement in a variable climate: hope or hype? Trends Plant Sci.16:363–371. Vigh L, Horváth I, Maresca B and Harwood JL (2007) Can the stress protein response be controlled by ‘membrane-lipid therapy’? Trends Biochem. Sci. 32: 357-363. Vigh L, Maresca B and Harwood JL (1998). Does the membrane’s physical state control the expression of heat shock and other genes? Trends Biochem. Sci. 23: 369-374. Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf MM and Foolad R (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environ. Exp. Bot. 61: 199-223. Wang JZ, Cui LJ, Wang Y and Li JL (2009). Growth, lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis in two tall fescue cultivars differing in heat tolerance. Biol. Plant. 53:247-242. Xue Q, Weiss A and Baenziger P (2004). Predicting phenological development in winter wheat. Climate Research. 25(3), 243-252.
Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 60 - 78, 31.01.2017

Abstract

References

  • Allakhverdiev SI, Kreslavski, VD, Klimov VV (2008). Heat stress: An overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis. Photosyn. Res. 98: 541-550 Anonymous (2014). Progress Report of All India Coordinated Wheat & Barley Improvement Project 2013-14, Director’s Report. Ed. Indu Sharma, Indian Institute of Wheat and barley Research, Karnal, India, p. 120. Anonymous (2015). Progress Report of All India Coordinated Wheat & Barley Improvement Project 2014-15, Director’s Report. Ed. Indu Sharma, Indian Institute of Wheat and barley Research, Karnal, India, p. 116. Asseng S, Fosterw I, and Turner NC (2011). The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biol. (online). doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2010.02262.x Asthir Bavita (2015). Protective mechanisms of heat tolerance in crop Plants. J. Plant Interactions 10(1): 202-210. Berridge MV, Tan AS, McCoy KD and Wang R. (1967). The biochemical and cellular basis of cell proliferation assays that use tetrazolium salts. Plant Physiol. 42: 1423-1426. Bidinger FR, Mahalakshmi V and Rao GDP (1987). Assessment of drought resistance in pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke]. I. Factors affecting yields under stress. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 38:37-48. Bita CE and Gerats T (2013). Plant to lerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamental sand production of heat stresstolerant crops. Plant Sci. 4(273):1-18. Blum A, Klueva N and Nguyen HT (2001). Wheat cellular thermotolerance is related to yield under stress. Euphytica. 117, 117-123. Chen HH, Shen ZY and Li PH (1982). Adaptability of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sci. 22: 719–725. Crul T, Toth N, Piotto S, Literati-Nagy P, Tory K, Haldimann P, Kalmar B, Reensmith L, Torok Z, Balogh G, Gombos I, Campana F, Concilio S, Gallyas F, Nagy G, Berente Z, Gungor B, Peter M, Glatz A, Hunya A, Literati-Nagy Z, Vigh LJ, Hoogstra-Berends F, Heeres A, Kuipers I, Loen L, Seerden J, Zhang D, Meijering RAM, Henning RH, Brundel BJJM, Kampinga HH, Koranyi L, Szilvassy Z, Mandl J, Sumegi B, Febbraio MA, Horvath I, Hooper PL and Vigh L (2013). Hydroximic acid derivatives: pleiotropic hsp coinducers restoring homeostasis and robustness. Curr.Pharm. Des. 19: 309-346. Czyczyło-Mysza IMT, Marcin´ska I, Skrzypek E, Karbarz M, Dziurka M, Hura T, Dziurka K, and Quarrie SA (2013). Quantitative trait loci for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in relation to biomass and yield in bread wheat and their chromosome deletion bin assignments. Mol Breeding 32:189-210. De Block M and De Brouwer D (2002). A simple and robust in vitro assay to quantify the vigour of oilseed rape lines and hybrids. Plant Physiol. Biochem.40(10) : 845-852. Dhanda SS and Munjal R (2012). Heat tolerance in relation to acquired thermotolerance for membrane lipids in bread wheat. Field Crops Res 135:30-37. Dhanda SS and Munjal R (2006). Inheritance of cellular thermotolerance in bread wheat. Plant Breeding. 125: 557-567. Dodig D, Zoric M, Knezjevic D, King SR, SjurlanMomirovic G (2010). Assessing drought tolerance and regional patterns of genetic diversity among spring and winter bread wheat using simple sequence repeats and phenotypic data. Crop Pasture Sci.61: 812-824. Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D (1998). Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression ilatteriis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 95, 14863–14868. Essemine J, Govindachary S, Ammar S, Bouzid S, Carpentier R (2011). Abolition of photosystem I cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis thaliana following thermal-stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 49 235-243. Everitt BS (1993). Cluster Analysis. Wiley, New York, NY. Everitt BS and Dunn G (1992). Applied Multivariate Data Analysis. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Farooq Muhammad, Bramley Helen, Palta Jairo A and Siddique K HM (2011). Heat Stress in Wheat during Reproductive and Grain-Filling Phases. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 30(6): 491-507. Fischer RA and Maurer R (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars.I. Grain yield response. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29:897-907. © Plant Breeders Union of Turkey (BİSAB) 77 Fisher KS, Johanson EC and Edmeades GO (1982). Breeding and selection for rought resistance in tropical maize. In: Drought Resistance in Crops with Emphasis on Rice, 377-399. IRRI, Manila, Philippines. Fitter AH and Hay RKM (2002). Environmental Physiology of Plants, 3rd ed.; Academic Press:London, UK. Garg N and Manchanda G (2009). ROS generation in plants: boon or bane? Plant Biosyst. 143:81-96. Georg L, Georg N and Mauricio H (2013). Physiological response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) genotypes to a temporary water deficit, as evaluated with a multiparameter fluorescence sensor. Acta Physiol Plant. 35:1763-1774. Gigon A, Matos AR, Laffray D, Yasmine ZF and Pham Thi AT (2004). Effect of drought stress on lipid metabolism in the leaves of arabidopsis thaliana (Ecotype Columbia). Ann. Bot. 94: 345-351. Gupta NK, Agarwal S, Agarwal VP, Nathawat NS, Gupta S and Singh G (2013). Effect of shortterm heat stress on growth, physiology and antioxidative defence system in wheat seedlings. Acta Physiol Plant 35:1837-1842. Hameed A, Goher M and Iqbal N (2012). Heat stressinduced cell death, changes in antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and protease activity in wheat leaves. J. Plant Growth Regul.31:283-291. Harb A, Krishnan A, Ambavaram MMR and Pereira A (2010). Molecular and physiological analysis of drought stress in arabidopsis reveals early responses leading to acclimation in plant growth. Plant Physiol. 154: 1254-1271. Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MdM, Roychowdhury R and Fujita M (2013). Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14:9643-9684. Hays DB, Mason RE and Do JH (2007). Wheat production in stressed environments. In: Buck, H.T., Nisi, J.E. and Salomon, N. (eds) Springer, Dordrecht. Hemantaranjan A, Nishant Bhanu A, Singh MN, Yadav DK, Patel PK (2014). Heat stress responses and thermotolerance. Adv Plant Agric Res. 1:1-10. Ibrahim AMH and Quick JS (2001). Heritability of heat tolerance in winter and spring wheat. Crop Science. 41: 1401-1405. Jha UC, Bohra A and Singh NP (2014). Heat stress in crop plants: its nature, impacts and integrated breeding strategies to improve heat tolerance. Plant Breeding 133(6): 679-701. Kornyeyev D, Holaday S and Logan B (2003). Predicting the extent of photosystem II photoinactivation using chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters measured during illumination. Plant Cell Physiol. 44:1064-1070. Kültz D (2005). Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67: 225-257. Mirza H, Kamrun N, MdMA, Rajib R and Masayuki F (2013). Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci. 14(5): 9643-9684 Magdalena K, Izabela B and Anna K (2015). Fractionation of Buckwheat Seed Phenolics and Analysis of Their Antioxidant Activity. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci.65 (4):243-249 Morales D, Rodriguez P, Dellamico J, Nicolas E, Torrecillas A and Sanchez-Blanco MJ (2003). High-temperature preconditioning and thermal shock imposition affects water relations, gas exchange and root hydraulic conductivity in tomato. Biol. Plant. 47, 203-208. Munjal R and Dhanda SS (2016). Assessment of drought resistance in indian wheat cultivars for morpho-physiological traits. Ekin J. Crop Breeding Genetics 2(1):74-81. Penuelas J and Filella I (2001). Responses to a warming world. Science 294: 793-794. Parker GD, Fox PN, Langridge P, Chlamers K,Whan B, Ganter PF (2002). Genetic diversity within Australian wheat breeding programs based on molecular and pedigree data. Euphytica 124: 293-306 Pastore A, Martin SR, Politou A, Kondapalli KC, Stemmler T (2007). Unbiased cold denaturation: low- and high-temperature unfolding of yeast frataxin under physiological conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129:5374-5375. Rich PR, Mischis LA, Purton S and Wiskich JT (2001). The sites of interaction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride with mitochondrial respiratory chains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 202(2): 181-187. Rodríguez M, Canales E and Borrás-Hidalgo O (2005). Molecular aspects of abiotic stress in plants. Biotechnol. Appl. 22: 1-10. 3(2):60-78, 2017 78 bitki ıslahçıları alt birliği www.bisab.org.tr Ekin Journal Sareen S, Kundu S, Malik R, Dhillon OP and Singh SS (2015). Exploring indigenous wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm accessions for terminal heat tolerance. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 85(2):.37-42. Schöffl F, Prandl R and Reindl A (1999). Molecular responses to heat stress. In: Shinozaki, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (Eds.), Molecular Responses to Cold, Drought, Heat and Salt Stress in Higher Plants. R.G. Landes Co., Austin, Texas, pp. 81-98. Sharma P, Sareen S, Saini M, Verma A, Tyagi BS and Sharma I (2014). Assessing genetic variation for heat tolerance in synthetic wheat lines using phenotypic data and molecular markers. Australian journal of crop sciences. 8(4): 515-522. Singh P and Dwivedi P (2015). Morpho-physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under late sown condition. Vegetos 28 (1) : 16-25. Snedecor GW and Cochran (1981). Statistical Methods. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Sullivan CY (1972). Mechanisms of heat and drought resistance in grain sorghum and methods of measurements. In: N.G.O. Rao and L.R. House (Eds “Sorghum in seventies”), Oxford and IBH, ND, pp 112-120. Sun J, Luo H, Fu J and Huang G (2013). Classification of genetic variation for drought tolerance in Tall fescue using physiological traits and molecular markers. Crop Sci. 53: 647-654. Towill LE and Mazur P (1974). Studies on the reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a viability assay for plant tissue culture. Can J Bot 53: 1097-1102. Varshney RK, Bansal KC, Aggarwal PK, Datta SK and Craufurd PQ (2011). Agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement in a variable climate: hope or hype? Trends Plant Sci.16:363–371. Vigh L, Horváth I, Maresca B and Harwood JL (2007) Can the stress protein response be controlled by ‘membrane-lipid therapy’? Trends Biochem. Sci. 32: 357-363. Vigh L, Maresca B and Harwood JL (1998). Does the membrane’s physical state control the expression of heat shock and other genes? Trends Biochem. Sci. 23: 369-374. Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf MM and Foolad R (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environ. Exp. Bot. 61: 199-223. Wang JZ, Cui LJ, Wang Y and Li JL (2009). Growth, lipid peroxidation and photosynthesis in two tall fescue cultivars differing in heat tolerance. Biol. Plant. 53:247-242. Xue Q, Weiss A and Baenziger P (2004). Predicting phenological development in winter wheat. Climate Research. 25(3), 243-252.
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Renu Munjal This is me

Publication Date January 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

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APA Munjal, R. (2017). Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 3(2), 60-78.
AMA Munjal R. Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance. Ekin Journal. January 2017;3(2):60-78.
Chicago Munjal, Renu. “Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance”. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics 3, no. 2 (January 2017): 60-78.
EndNote Munjal R (January 1, 2017) Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics 3 2 60–78.
IEEE R. Munjal, “Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance”, Ekin Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60–78, 2017.
ISNAD Munjal, Renu. “Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance”. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics 3/2 (January 2017), 60-78.
JAMA Munjal R. Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance. Ekin Journal. 2017;3:60–78.
MLA Munjal, Renu. “Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance”. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017, pp. 60-78.
Vancouver Munjal R. Genetic Diversity in Bread Wheat for Heat Tolerance. Ekin Journal. 2017;3(2):60-78.