Status of Durum Wheat (T. durum Desf.) Genetic Resources in the Southeastern Anatolia From Past to Present

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 01.02.2024

İrfan Özberk , Fethiye Özberk

Abstract

Agriculture started to evolve in Anatolia about 10.000 years ago. Genetic diversity of crops plants with their wild
relatives and center of domestication of durum wheat were always interested in by scientists. The connection between
molecular markers such as AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and domestication geography showed that
the Karacadağ mountain in the Southeast Anatolia was pointed out the origin of domesticated einkorn (T. monococcum )
and emmer (T. dicoccum). Durum wheat spread out from the Fertile Crescent and through southern Europe, reaching
North Africa around 7000 BC. More recently, 17 Aegilops and 11 Triticum species or sub species including T. aestivum
and T. durum were defined under both geneses in Türkiye. Twenty-five of them were wild relatives. Wheat landraces are
composed of traditional crop varieties developed by farmers through years of natural and human selection. There have
been several collection missions for wheat landraces. Durum wheat landraces were mostly grown until 1960 in Türkiye.
They used to be called as ‘sarı buğday’. The acreage of the landraces grown in Türkiye is about 0.55 million ha. A survey
held more recently proved the presence 162 names of wheat landraces in Türkiye. Many beneficial traits such as drought
and cold tolerance and high grain quality were detected and tried to be exploited in modern breeding programs. Farmers
have access to modern cultivars but keep their landraces. The main reason for maintaining landraces is satisfaction with
the landraces’ performance under poor input conditions. Tens of landraces are still grown in Türkiye. Unless additional
measures are taken, landraces will disappear gradually.

Keywords

Historical evolution, wild relatives, landraces, present and future perspectives.

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