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Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection: A Real Case Study

Year 2022, , 63 - 76, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2022.36.1069868

Abstract

In today's competitive work environment, it is important for managers to have personnel who can move the company forward and adapt to changes as quickly as possible. Selecting the most suitable personnel has a great influence on the development of the company as well as on the motivation of the personnel. For this reason, the frequently encountered problem of personnel evaluation is a significant one. In this problem, the performance of the personnel is compared and evaluated considering the criteria set. Therefore, the personnel evaluation problem is a multi-criteria, decisionmaking problem. In this study, the personnel performance evaluation problem within Lanse Company was solved using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making method. The criteria that are effective in personnel selection were determined through a literature review and interviews with the owner of the company and the Human Resources Team (HRT). Considering these criteria, a hierarchical model was constructed, and pairwise comparisons were made to obtain judgments. As a result of the pairwise comparisons, the most suitable person for the position of store manager was identified among the six employees working at Lanse. The results were presented to the decision maker in the form of a report. The validity and applicability of the findings were confirmed by the decision maker.

Thanks

We would like to thank the managers and staff of Lanse Company for their help in preparing this study.

References

  • Akash, B. A., Mamlook, R., & Mohsen, M. S. (1999). Multi-criteria selection of electric power plants using analytical hierarchy process. Electric Power Systems Research, 52(1), 29-35.
  • Al Jafa, H. (2020). Improving ERP software selection process by integrating QFD with AHP approach. Network Intelligence Studies, VIII (16), 157-167.
  • Alossta, A., Elmansouri, O., & badi, I. (2021). Resolving a location selection problem by means of an integrated AHP-RAFSI approach. Reports in Mechanical Engineering, 2(1),135-142.
  • Alphonce, C. B. (1997). Application of the analytic hierarchy process in agriculture in developing countries. Agricultural Systems, 53, 97–112.
  • Aras, H., Erdoğmuş, Ş., & Koç, E., (2004). Multi-criteria selection for a wind observation station location using analytic hierarchy process. Renewable Energy, 29(8), 1383-1392.
  • Asadi, S. S., & Venkata Sravan Kumar Reddy, M. (2018). An analytical approach for evaluation of resources management in construction industry: A model study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(2), 130–138.
  • Atthirawong, W., & MacCarthy, B. (2002, September). An application of the analytical hierarchy process to international location decision-making. Paper presented at the meeting of the Proceedings of The 7th Annual Cambridge International Manufacturing Symposium: Restructuring Global Manufacturing, Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge.
  • Aytekin, A. (2017). Academic staff performance evaluation by AHP (analytic hierarchy process) and software package preparation. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research, 2(4), 1127-1147.
  • Azadeh, A., Ghaderi, S.F., Mirjalili, M., & Moghaddam, M. (2011). Integration of analytic hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis for assessment and optimization of personnel productivity in a large industrial bank. Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 5212–5225.
  • Barati, A. A., Azadi, H., Dehghani Pour, M., Lebailly, P., & Qafori, M. (2019). Determining key agricultural strategic factors using AHP-MICMAC. Sustainability, 11(3947). 1-17.
  • Blair, A. R., Mandelker, G. N., Saaty, T. L., & Whitaker, R. (2010). Forecasting the resurgence of the U.S. economy in 2010: An expert judgment approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 44(3), 114-121.
  • Blair, A. R., Nachtmann, R., Saaty, T. L., & Whitaker R. (2002). Forecasting the resurgence of the U.S. economy in 2001: An expert judgment approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 36, 77–91.
  • Boer, L., Labro, E., & Morlacchi, P. (2001). A review of methods supporting supplier selection. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 7, 75-89.
  • Chedid, R. B. (2002). Policy development for solar water heaters: The case of Lebanon. Energy Conversion and Management, 43, 77–86.
  • Ecer, F. (2020). Multi-criteria decision making for green supplier selection using interval type-2 fuzzy AHP: a case study of a home appliance manufacturer. Operational Research, 1-35.
  • Erdoğmuş, Ş., Aras, H., & Koç, E. (2006). Evaluation of alternative fuels for residential heating in Turkey using analytic network process (ANP) with group decision-making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10(3), 269-279.
  • Eyüboğlu, K. (2016). Comparison of developing countries’ macro performances with AHP and TOPSIS methods. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1), 131-146.
  • Fashoto, S. G., Amaonwu, O., & Afolorunsho, A. (2018). Development of a decision support system on employee performance appraisal using AHP model. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 2(4), 262-267.
  • Gibney, R., & Shang, J. (2007). Decision making in academia: A case of the dean selection process. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46, 1030–1040.
  • Hanine, M., Boutkhoum, O., Tikniouine, A, & Agouti, T. (2016). Application of an integrated multi criteria decision making AHP TOPSIS methodology for ETL software selection. SpringerPlus, 5(263), 1-17.
  • Ho, W. (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications - a literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 186, 211–228.
  • Islam, R., & bin Mohd Rasad, S. (2006). Employee performance evaluation by the AHP: A case study. Asia Pacific Management Review, 11(3), 163-176.
  • Ismail, N. A. (2019). An empirical analysis of government employees bank selection criteria in Hargeisa, Somalia: Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management (JRBEM), 13(4), 2509-2516.
  • Jaber, J. O., & Mohsen, M. S. (2001). Evaluation of non-conventional water resources supply in Jordan. Desalination, 136, 83–92.
  • Junior, R. C., Cortes, M. A. S., Barbosa, A. C., Lourenço, S. R., & Santana, P. H. M. (2019). Application of AHP for Fuel transportation Environmental impact Assessment in submerged Pipelines. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), 6(9), 85-91.
  • Kalinowska, A., & Trzaskalik, T. (2014). Bonus distribution for employees of a telephone customer service department: a case study based on pairwise comparisons. Procedia Computer Science, 35, 1145 – 1154.
  • Kengpol, A. (2002). The decision support system to select the investment in a new distribution centre using the analytic hierarchy process, a capital investment model and a transportation model. The Journal of KMITNB, 12(2), 31–37.
  • Kim, P. O., Lee, K. J., & Lee, B. W. (1999). Selection of an optimal nuclear fuel cycle scenario by goal programming and the analytic hierarchy process. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 26, 449–460.
  • Koç, E., & Burhan, H.A. (2014). An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to a real world supplier selection problem. A case study of Carglass Turkey. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 6(1), 1-14.
  • Koç, E., & Burhan, H. A. (2015). An application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a real world problem of store location selection. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 5(1), 41-50.
  • Korkmaz, I., Gökçen, H., & Çetinyokuş, T. (2008). An analytic hierarchy process and two-sided matching based decision support system for military personnel assignment. Information Sciences, 178(14), 2915-2927.
  • Korpela, J., Tuominen, M., & Valoaho, M. (1998). An analytic hierarchy process-based approach to the strategic management of logistic service: An empirical study in the mechanical forest industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 56-57, 303-318.
  • Kuo, R. J., Chi, S. C., & Kao, S. S. (2002). A decision support system for selecting convenience store location through integration of fuzzy AHP and artificial neural network. Computers in Industry, 47, 199-214.
  • Kurniawan, V. R. B., Yulianti, T., & Puspitasari, F. H. (2021). Employee performance evaluation in an Indonesian metal casting manufacturer using an integrated MCDM approach. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 11(2), 93-99.
  • Kusumawardani, R. P., & Agintiara, M. (2015). Application of fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method for decision making in human resource manager selection process. Procedia computer science, 72, 638-646.
  • Kwak, N. K., & Lee, C. (1998). A multicriteria decision-making approach to university resource allocations and information infrastructure planning. European Journal of Operational Research, 110(2), 234-242.
  • Kwak, N. K., & Lee C. (2002). Business process reengineering for health-care system using multicriteria mathematical programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 140(2), 447–458.
  • Lai, V. S., Wong, B. K., & Cheung, W. (2002). Group decision making in a multiple criteria environment: A case using the AHP in software selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 137(1), 134-144.
  • Lee, C., & Kwak, N. K. (1999). Information resource planning for a health-care system using an AHP based goal programming method. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50, 1191–1198.
  • Mahendran, S., & Mahadevan, M. L. (2014, August). Prioritization of plastic recycling process using analytical hierarchy process. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Colloquium on Materials, Manufacturing and Metrology, ICMMM, Chennai, India.
  • Min-Peng, X., & Xiao-Hu, Z. (2012). Modeling of engineering R&D staff performance appraisal model based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Systems Engineering Procedia, 4, 236-242.
  • Mohanty, R. P., & Deshmukh, S. G. (1993). Use of analytic hierarchic process for evaluating sources of supply. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 22-28.
  • Özbek, A. (2015). Performance analysis of public banks in Turkey. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research (IJBMER), 6(3), 178-186.
  • Poh, K. L., & Ang, B. W. (1999). Transportation fuels and policy for Singapore: an AHP planning approach. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 37, 507–525.
  • Radash, D. K., & Kwak, N. K. (1998). An integrated mathematical programming model for offset planning. Computers and Operations Research, 25(12), 1069–1083.
  • Ramanathan, R. (1997). A note on the use of goal programming for the multiplicative AHP. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 6, 296–307.
  • Rangriz, H., & Pashootanizadeh, H. (2014). Desirable system requirements for employee performance evaluation to establishment of meritocracy and continuous improvement by using TQMPE and AHP model. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 3(3), 185-190.
  • Saaty, T. L. (2000). Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the analytic hierarchy process vol VI of the AHP series. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
  • Scala, N. M., Needy, K. L., & Rajgopal, J. (2010, October). Using the analytic hierarchy process in group decision making for nuclear spare parts. Paper presented at the meeting of 31st ASEM National Conference, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
  • Singh, S., & Aggarwal, R. (2014). DEAHP approach for manpower performance evaluation. Journal of the Operations Research Society of China, 2, 317–332.
  • Soma, K. (2003). How to involve stakeholders in fisheries management-a country case study in Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Policy, 27, 47–58.
  • Subramanian, N., & Ramanathan, R. (2012). A review of applications of analytic hierarchy process in operations management. International Journal of Production Economics, 138, 215–241.
  • Ta, H. P., & Har, K. Y. (2000). A study of bank selection decisions in Singapore using the analytical hierarchy process. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 170-180.
  • Tzeng, G., Teng, M., Chen, J., & Opricovic, S. (2002). Multicriteria selection for a restaurant location in Taipei. Hospitality Management, 21, 171–187.
  • Vargas, L.G. (1990). An overview of the analytic hierarchy process and its applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 2−8.
  • Weck, M., Klocke, F., Schell, H., & Rüenauver, E. (1997). Evaluating alternative production cycles using the extended fuzzy AHP method. European Journal of Operational Research, 100(2), 351-366.
  • Wind, Y., & Saaty, T. L. (1980). Marketing applications of the analytic hierarchy process. Management Science, 26(7), 641–658.
  • Wu, Y. C., Lin, B. W., Shih, C., & Chen, C. J. (2013). Communicating and prioritizing science and technology policy using AHP. Innovation, 15(4), 437-451.
  • Yousif, M. K., & Shaout, A. (2018). Fuzzy logic computational model for performance evaluation of Sudanese Universities and academic staff. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 30(1), 80-119.
Year 2022, , 63 - 76, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2022.36.1069868

Abstract

References

  • Akash, B. A., Mamlook, R., & Mohsen, M. S. (1999). Multi-criteria selection of electric power plants using analytical hierarchy process. Electric Power Systems Research, 52(1), 29-35.
  • Al Jafa, H. (2020). Improving ERP software selection process by integrating QFD with AHP approach. Network Intelligence Studies, VIII (16), 157-167.
  • Alossta, A., Elmansouri, O., & badi, I. (2021). Resolving a location selection problem by means of an integrated AHP-RAFSI approach. Reports in Mechanical Engineering, 2(1),135-142.
  • Alphonce, C. B. (1997). Application of the analytic hierarchy process in agriculture in developing countries. Agricultural Systems, 53, 97–112.
  • Aras, H., Erdoğmuş, Ş., & Koç, E., (2004). Multi-criteria selection for a wind observation station location using analytic hierarchy process. Renewable Energy, 29(8), 1383-1392.
  • Asadi, S. S., & Venkata Sravan Kumar Reddy, M. (2018). An analytical approach for evaluation of resources management in construction industry: A model study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 9(2), 130–138.
  • Atthirawong, W., & MacCarthy, B. (2002, September). An application of the analytical hierarchy process to international location decision-making. Paper presented at the meeting of the Proceedings of The 7th Annual Cambridge International Manufacturing Symposium: Restructuring Global Manufacturing, Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge.
  • Aytekin, A. (2017). Academic staff performance evaluation by AHP (analytic hierarchy process) and software package preparation. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research, 2(4), 1127-1147.
  • Azadeh, A., Ghaderi, S.F., Mirjalili, M., & Moghaddam, M. (2011). Integration of analytic hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis for assessment and optimization of personnel productivity in a large industrial bank. Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 5212–5225.
  • Barati, A. A., Azadi, H., Dehghani Pour, M., Lebailly, P., & Qafori, M. (2019). Determining key agricultural strategic factors using AHP-MICMAC. Sustainability, 11(3947). 1-17.
  • Blair, A. R., Mandelker, G. N., Saaty, T. L., & Whitaker, R. (2010). Forecasting the resurgence of the U.S. economy in 2010: An expert judgment approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 44(3), 114-121.
  • Blair, A. R., Nachtmann, R., Saaty, T. L., & Whitaker R. (2002). Forecasting the resurgence of the U.S. economy in 2001: An expert judgment approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 36, 77–91.
  • Boer, L., Labro, E., & Morlacchi, P. (2001). A review of methods supporting supplier selection. European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 7, 75-89.
  • Chedid, R. B. (2002). Policy development for solar water heaters: The case of Lebanon. Energy Conversion and Management, 43, 77–86.
  • Ecer, F. (2020). Multi-criteria decision making for green supplier selection using interval type-2 fuzzy AHP: a case study of a home appliance manufacturer. Operational Research, 1-35.
  • Erdoğmuş, Ş., Aras, H., & Koç, E. (2006). Evaluation of alternative fuels for residential heating in Turkey using analytic network process (ANP) with group decision-making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10(3), 269-279.
  • Eyüboğlu, K. (2016). Comparison of developing countries’ macro performances with AHP and TOPSIS methods. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 6(1), 131-146.
  • Fashoto, S. G., Amaonwu, O., & Afolorunsho, A. (2018). Development of a decision support system on employee performance appraisal using AHP model. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 2(4), 262-267.
  • Gibney, R., & Shang, J. (2007). Decision making in academia: A case of the dean selection process. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46, 1030–1040.
  • Hanine, M., Boutkhoum, O., Tikniouine, A, & Agouti, T. (2016). Application of an integrated multi criteria decision making AHP TOPSIS methodology for ETL software selection. SpringerPlus, 5(263), 1-17.
  • Ho, W. (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications - a literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 186, 211–228.
  • Islam, R., & bin Mohd Rasad, S. (2006). Employee performance evaluation by the AHP: A case study. Asia Pacific Management Review, 11(3), 163-176.
  • Ismail, N. A. (2019). An empirical analysis of government employees bank selection criteria in Hargeisa, Somalia: Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management (JRBEM), 13(4), 2509-2516.
  • Jaber, J. O., & Mohsen, M. S. (2001). Evaluation of non-conventional water resources supply in Jordan. Desalination, 136, 83–92.
  • Junior, R. C., Cortes, M. A. S., Barbosa, A. C., Lourenço, S. R., & Santana, P. H. M. (2019). Application of AHP for Fuel transportation Environmental impact Assessment in submerged Pipelines. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), 6(9), 85-91.
  • Kalinowska, A., & Trzaskalik, T. (2014). Bonus distribution for employees of a telephone customer service department: a case study based on pairwise comparisons. Procedia Computer Science, 35, 1145 – 1154.
  • Kengpol, A. (2002). The decision support system to select the investment in a new distribution centre using the analytic hierarchy process, a capital investment model and a transportation model. The Journal of KMITNB, 12(2), 31–37.
  • Kim, P. O., Lee, K. J., & Lee, B. W. (1999). Selection of an optimal nuclear fuel cycle scenario by goal programming and the analytic hierarchy process. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 26, 449–460.
  • Koç, E., & Burhan, H.A. (2014). An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to a real world supplier selection problem. A case study of Carglass Turkey. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 6(1), 1-14.
  • Koç, E., & Burhan, H. A. (2015). An application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a real world problem of store location selection. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 5(1), 41-50.
  • Korkmaz, I., Gökçen, H., & Çetinyokuş, T. (2008). An analytic hierarchy process and two-sided matching based decision support system for military personnel assignment. Information Sciences, 178(14), 2915-2927.
  • Korpela, J., Tuominen, M., & Valoaho, M. (1998). An analytic hierarchy process-based approach to the strategic management of logistic service: An empirical study in the mechanical forest industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 56-57, 303-318.
  • Kuo, R. J., Chi, S. C., & Kao, S. S. (2002). A decision support system for selecting convenience store location through integration of fuzzy AHP and artificial neural network. Computers in Industry, 47, 199-214.
  • Kurniawan, V. R. B., Yulianti, T., & Puspitasari, F. H. (2021). Employee performance evaluation in an Indonesian metal casting manufacturer using an integrated MCDM approach. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 11(2), 93-99.
  • Kusumawardani, R. P., & Agintiara, M. (2015). Application of fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method for decision making in human resource manager selection process. Procedia computer science, 72, 638-646.
  • Kwak, N. K., & Lee, C. (1998). A multicriteria decision-making approach to university resource allocations and information infrastructure planning. European Journal of Operational Research, 110(2), 234-242.
  • Kwak, N. K., & Lee C. (2002). Business process reengineering for health-care system using multicriteria mathematical programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 140(2), 447–458.
  • Lai, V. S., Wong, B. K., & Cheung, W. (2002). Group decision making in a multiple criteria environment: A case using the AHP in software selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 137(1), 134-144.
  • Lee, C., & Kwak, N. K. (1999). Information resource planning for a health-care system using an AHP based goal programming method. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50, 1191–1198.
  • Mahendran, S., & Mahadevan, M. L. (2014, August). Prioritization of plastic recycling process using analytical hierarchy process. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Colloquium on Materials, Manufacturing and Metrology, ICMMM, Chennai, India.
  • Min-Peng, X., & Xiao-Hu, Z. (2012). Modeling of engineering R&D staff performance appraisal model based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Systems Engineering Procedia, 4, 236-242.
  • Mohanty, R. P., & Deshmukh, S. G. (1993). Use of analytic hierarchic process for evaluating sources of supply. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 22-28.
  • Özbek, A. (2015). Performance analysis of public banks in Turkey. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research (IJBMER), 6(3), 178-186.
  • Poh, K. L., & Ang, B. W. (1999). Transportation fuels and policy for Singapore: an AHP planning approach. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 37, 507–525.
  • Radash, D. K., & Kwak, N. K. (1998). An integrated mathematical programming model for offset planning. Computers and Operations Research, 25(12), 1069–1083.
  • Ramanathan, R. (1997). A note on the use of goal programming for the multiplicative AHP. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 6, 296–307.
  • Rangriz, H., & Pashootanizadeh, H. (2014). Desirable system requirements for employee performance evaluation to establishment of meritocracy and continuous improvement by using TQMPE and AHP model. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 3(3), 185-190.
  • Saaty, T. L. (2000). Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the analytic hierarchy process vol VI of the AHP series. Pittsburgh: RWS Publications.
  • Scala, N. M., Needy, K. L., & Rajgopal, J. (2010, October). Using the analytic hierarchy process in group decision making for nuclear spare parts. Paper presented at the meeting of 31st ASEM National Conference, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
  • Singh, S., & Aggarwal, R. (2014). DEAHP approach for manpower performance evaluation. Journal of the Operations Research Society of China, 2, 317–332.
  • Soma, K. (2003). How to involve stakeholders in fisheries management-a country case study in Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Policy, 27, 47–58.
  • Subramanian, N., & Ramanathan, R. (2012). A review of applications of analytic hierarchy process in operations management. International Journal of Production Economics, 138, 215–241.
  • Ta, H. P., & Har, K. Y. (2000). A study of bank selection decisions in Singapore using the analytical hierarchy process. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 170-180.
  • Tzeng, G., Teng, M., Chen, J., & Opricovic, S. (2002). Multicriteria selection for a restaurant location in Taipei. Hospitality Management, 21, 171–187.
  • Vargas, L.G. (1990). An overview of the analytic hierarchy process and its applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, 2−8.
  • Weck, M., Klocke, F., Schell, H., & Rüenauver, E. (1997). Evaluating alternative production cycles using the extended fuzzy AHP method. European Journal of Operational Research, 100(2), 351-366.
  • Wind, Y., & Saaty, T. L. (1980). Marketing applications of the analytic hierarchy process. Management Science, 26(7), 641–658.
  • Wu, Y. C., Lin, B. W., Shih, C., & Chen, C. J. (2013). Communicating and prioritizing science and technology policy using AHP. Innovation, 15(4), 437-451.
  • Yousif, M. K., & Shaout, A. (2018). Fuzzy logic computational model for performance evaluation of Sudanese Universities and academic staff. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 30(1), 80-119.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Eylem Acar 0000-0003-0863-9143

Gülcan Karpuz Enücük 0000-0002-2716-5695

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date February 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Acar, E., & Karpuz Enücük, G. (2022). Using The Analytic Hierarchy Process For Store Manager Selection: A Real Case Study. EKOIST Journal of Econometrics and Statistics(36), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2022.36.1069868