Do Shocks Permanently Affect Ecological Balance Per Capita in Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand?

Year 2023, Issue: 39, 147 - 160, 27.12.2023

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2023.39.1330203

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal whether the ecological balance per capita calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand is permanently affected by shocks or not. The analysis period (depending on data availability) covers the period 1961–2022 for all countries examined. The data used in the study are on an annual basis. The ecological balance per capita has been obtained by subtracting the per capita ecological footprint from the per capita biocapacity. In order to make a choice between unit root tests that do not take into account nonlinearity and those that do, the linearity test suggested by Harvey et al. (2008) was first applied. Considering the results of the linearity analysis, the ADF unit root test, the unit root test recommended by Elliott et al. (1996), and the unit root test proposed by Narayan and Popp (2010) were applied to the data of Brazil and the data of New Zealand. For the ecological balance per capita series of South Africa, the unit root test recommended by Kapetanios et al. (2003), the unit root test proposed by Kruse (2011), and the unit root test suggested by Güriş (2019) were applied. According to the findings obtained, it can be said that the shocks to the ecological balance per capita (calculated separately for Brazil, South Africa, and New Zealand) have a permanent effect. The study also made important suggestions based on the findings.

Keywords

Unit Root Test, Biocapacity, Ecological Footprint, Ecological Balance

Şoklar Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda’da Kişi Başı Ekolojik Dengeyi Kalıcı Olarak Etkiler mi?

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan kişi başı ekolojik dengenin şoklardan kalıcı olarak etkilenip etkilenmediğini ortaya koymaktır. Analiz dönemi incelenen tüm ülkeler için (veri mevcudiyetine bağlı olarak) 1961–2022 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler yıllık bazdadır. Kişi başı ekolojik denge, kişi başı biyolojik kapasiteden kişi başı ekolojik ayak izinin çıkartılmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Doğrusal dışılığı dikkate almayan ve doğrusal dışılığı dikkate alan birim kök testleri arasında bir seçim yapabilmek amacıyla önce Harvey vd. (2008) tarafından önerilen doğrusallık testi uygulanmıştır. Doğrusallık analizinin sonuçları dikkate alınarak çalışmada Brezilya verilerine ve Yeni Zelanda verilerine ADF birim kök testi, Elliott vd. (1996) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi ve Narayan ve Popp (2010) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Güney Afrika’ya ait kişi başı ekolojik denge serisi için ise Kapetanios vd. (2003) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi, Kruse (2011) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi ve Güriş (2019) tarafından önerilen birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Brezilya, Güney Afrika ve Yeni Zelanda için ayrı ayrı hesaplanan kişi başı ekolojik dengeye yönelik şokların kalıcı etkiye sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmada ayrıca elde edilen bulgulardan yola çıkarak önemli önerilerde de bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

Birim Kök Testi, Biyolojik Kapasite, Ekolojik Ayak İzi, Ekolojik Denge

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