Cruise industry in Greece: Possibilities and prospects

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 87 - 97, 31.12.2019

Kasimati Evangelia Dionysopoulou Panagiota Doulgeraki Charikleia

Abstract

The cruise industry is considered among the most rapidly growing alternative tourism sector worldwide, exhibiting rising demand trends over the last decades. In Greece, the origins of cruising go back to 1930s, at a time when the first Greek cruise firms introduced cruising routes in the Aegean Sea and the greater area of the Mediterranean basin. At present, the Greek cruise tourism can be considered as a significant participant in the broader East Mediterranean market. The objective of this paper is to examine whether there is a correlation, and in what extent, between the cruise passengers’ arrivals, the international airports’ arrivals and the GDP per capita for six Greek regions. For this purpose, data are collected from a range of official sources, including national accounts derived from the Hellenic Statistical Authority and the Bank of Greece, the Hellenic Ports Association and the Civil Aviation Authority and they are referred to the 2010-2016 period. Studying the statistical relationship between the three variables, we found mixed results among the examined Greek regions for the defined time intervals. Our empirical findings contribute to the existing literature by providing useful conclusions for the cruise industry’s impact on the Greek regions’ GDP growth.

Keywords

Cruise industry, Greece, Ports, Cruise economic impact

References

• Adams, S. A. (2017) All aboard the corporate socially and environmentally responsible cruise ship a conjoint analysis of consumer choices, Worldw. Hosp. Tour. Themes 9, Vol. 1, pp. 31-43
• Akis, S., Peristianis, N. & Warner, J. (1996) Residents’ attitudes to tourism development: the case of Cyprus, Tourism Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 481-494
• Andriotis, K. & Agiomirgianakis, G. (2010) Cruise visitors’ experience in a Mediterranean port of call, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 390.404
• Artal-Tur, A., Villena-Navarro, M. & Alama-Sabater, L. (2018) The relationship between cultural tourist behaviour and destination sustainability, Anatolia, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 237-251
• Bank of Greece, Travel Services, Inbound travel by non-residents by country of origin (2005-2017), Retrieved by 30/1/2019 from: https://www.bankofgreece.gr/Pages/el/Statistics/externalsector/balance/travelling.aspx
• Bagis, O. & Dooms, M. (2014) Turkey’s potential on becoming a cruise hub for the East Mediterranean Region: The case of Istanbul, Research in Transportation Business & Management, vol. 13, pp. 6-15
• Belloumi, M. (2010) The relationship between tourism receipts, real effective exchange rate and economic growth in Tunisia, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, No 5, pp. 550-560
• Bjelicic, B. (2012) Financing airlines in the wake of the financial market crisis, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 21, pp. 10-16
• Brida, J. G. & Risso, W. A. (2009) Tourism as a Factor of Long – Run Economic Growth: An Empirical Aalysis for Chile, European Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 178-85
• Brida, J. G. & Risso, W. A. (2010) Cruise Passengers Expenditure Analysis and Probability Of Repeat Visits to Costa Rica: a Cross Section Data Analysis, Tourism Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 425 - 434
• Brida, J. G. & Zapata, S. (2010) Economic impacts of cruise toyrism: The case of Costa Rica, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 322-338
• Brida, J. G., Del Chiappa, G., Meleddu, M. & Pulina, M. (2012a) The perceptions of an island community towards cruise tourism: A factor analysis, Tourism: An International Inderdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 29-42
• Brida, J. G., Del Chiappa, G., Meleddu, M. &Pulina, M. (2012b) A comparison of residents’ perceptions in two cruise ports in the Mediterranean Sea, International Journal of Tourism Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1915
• Brida, J. G., Pulina, M., Riano, E. & Zapata-Aguirre, S. (2014) Cruise passengers’ experience embarking in a Carribean home port. The case study of Cartagena de Indias, Int. J. Tour. Res., Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 180-190
• Castillo-Manzano, I. J., Lopez-Valpuesta, L. & Alanis, J. F. (2014) Tourism managers’ view of the economic impact of cruise traffic: the case of southern Spain, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 701-705
• Clancy, M. J. (1999) Tourism and development: Evidence from Mexico, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1-20
• Chang, Y. T., Liu, S. M., Park, H. & Roh, Y. (2016) Economic impact of cruise industry using regional input-output analysis: a case study of Incheon, Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1-18
• Chang, Y. T., Lee S. & Park, H. (2017) Efficiency analysis of major cruise lines, Tourism Management, Vol. 58, pp. 78-88
• Chen, C. & Tsai, D. (2007) How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions, Tourism Management, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1115-1122
• Civil Aviation Authority, Annual Statistical Data of Air Arrivals non-residents 2010-2017, Retrieved by http://www.ypa.gr/editions/statistical-data/
• Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) (2011) Cruise Market Profile Study, Ανακτήθηκε στις 10/1/2019 από: http://www.akcruise.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2011-CLIA-Market-Profile.pdf
• Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) Europe (2017) Europe Market Report 2017, Ανακτήθηκε στις 11/1/2019 από https://www.cliaeurope.eu/images/Reports/2017_Europe_Economic_Impact_Report.pdf
• Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) (2018) The Contribution of the International Cruise Industry to the Global Economy 2017, Ανακτήθηκε στις 10/1/2019 από: https://cruising.org/-/media/CLIA/Research/Global%202018%20EIS
• Cruise Market Watch (2018) Worldwide Cruise Line Market Share, Ανακτήθηκε στις 10/1/2018 από: http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/market-share/ Datamonitor (2012) Hotels, resorts & cruise lines industry profile: global. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1/1/2019 από:http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=80f38797-d0ab-431c-8885-7fd9f70a23bf%40sessionmgr113&vid=5&hid=126
• Del Chiappa, G. & Abbate, T. (2013) Island cruise tourism development: A resident’s perspective in the context of Italy, Current Issues in Tourism, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.854751
• Diakomihalis, N. M. (2007) Chapter 13 Greek Maritime Tourism: Evolution, Structures and Prospects, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 21, pp. 419-455
• Diakomihalis, N. M., Lekakou, B. M., Stefanidaki, E. &Syriopoulos, C. T. (2009) The economic Impacts of the Cruise Industry on Local Communities, 4th International Scientific Conference of the Aegean University, “Planning for the future learning from the past: Contemporary Developments in Tourism, Travel & Hospitality”, Rodos island, Greece, 2009
• Diakomihalis, Μ. (2009) The Marine Tourism and the economic effects, Athens: Stamoulis, in Greek
• Diakomihalis, N. M. & Lagos, G. N. (2011) An empirical approach to coastal leisure shipping in Greece and an assessment of its economic contribution, Tourism Economics, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 437-456
• Diedrich, A. (2010) Cruise ship tourism in Belize: The implications of developing cruise ship tourism in an ecotourism destination, Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 53, No. 5-6, pp. 234-244
• Douglas, N. & Douglas, N. (2004) Cruise ship passenger spending patterns in Pacific Island ports, Int. J. Tour. Res., Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 251-261
• Dowling, R. (2006) Cruise Ship Tourism, Publisher: CABI
• Dowling, R. K. & Weeden, C. (2017) Cruise ship tourism (2rd ed.), Oxin: CABI
• Dragovic, B., Tzannatos, E., Tselentis, B., Mestrovic, R. & Skuric, M. (2015) Ship emmissions and their externalities in cruise ports, Transportation Research Part D (2015)
• Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (1996) Economic impacts of cruise tourism in Australia, Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 36
• Dwyer, L. & Forsyth, P. (1998) Economic significance of cruise tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 393-415
• Dwyer, L., Douglas, N. & Livaic, Z. (2004) Estimating the economic contribution of a cruise ship visit, Tourism in Marine Envinroments, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-16
• Eijgelaar, E. Thaper, C. & Peeters, P. (2010) Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship “last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 337-354
• Erkoc, M., Iakovou, E. & Spaulding, A. (2005) Multi-Stage onboard inventory management policies for food and beverage items in cruise liner operations, Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 269-279
• Esteve-Perez, J. & Garcia-Sanchez, A. (2015) Cruise market: Stakeholders and the role of ports and tourist hinterlands, Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 371-388
• Esteve-Perez, J. & Garcia-Sanchez, A. (2018) Dynamism patterns of Western Mediterrannean cruise ports and the cooperation r elationships between major cruise ports, Polish Maritime Research, 1 (97), Vol. 25, pp. 51-60
• FCCA (2017) Cruise industry overview – 2017, Ανακτήθηκε στις 25/12/2018 από: http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2017-Cruise-Industry-Overview-Cruise-Line-Statistics.pdf
• Ferrante, M., De Cantis, S. & Noam Shoval (2018) A general framework for collecting and analysing the tracking data of cruise passengers at the destination, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 1426-1451
• Gabe, T., Lynch, C. & McConnon, J. (2006) Likelihood of cruise ship passenger return to a visited port: The case of bar harbor, Maine, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 44, pp. 281-287
• Gatewood, J. B. & Cameron, C. M. (2009) Belonger Perceptions of Tourism and Its Impacts in the Turks and Caicos Islands, Final report to the Ministry of Tourism, Turks and Caicos Islands
• Geng-Quin Chi, C. & Qu, H. (2008) Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach, Tourism Management, Vol. 28, pp. 624-636
• Gibson, P. (2006) Cruise operations management, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
• Gibson, P. (2008) Cruising in the 21st centurt: Why works while others play? International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 42-52
• Gibson, P. & Bentley, M. (2006) A study of impacts – cruise tourism and the South West of England, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 3-4, pp. 63-77
• Kozak, M. & Decrop, A. (2008) Handbook of tourist behavior. Theory & practice, Oxford: Routledge
• Hall, A. J. & Braithwaite, R. (1990) Carribean cruise tourism: A business of transnational partnerships, Tourism Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-347
• Hellenic Statistic Authority (ELSTAT), GDP per capita (Regional Unit and Region) (provisional data 2000-2016), Retrieved by 10/2/2019 from: https://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SEL57/-
• Hritz, N.& Cecil, A. K. (2008) Investigating the sustainability of cruise tourism: a case study of key west, J. Sustain. Tour., Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 168-181
• Hung, K. & Petrick, J.F. (2011) Why do you cruise? Exploring the motivations for taking cruise holidays, and the construction of a cruising motivation scale, Tourism Management, Vo. 32, No. 2, pp. 386-393
• Isik, C., Dogru, T., & Turk, E. S. (2018). A nexus of linear and non‐linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 38-49.
• Isik, C., Kasımatı, E., & Ongan, S. (2017). Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(7), 665-673.
• Järviluoma, J. (1992) Alternative tourism and the evolution of tourist areas, Tourism Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 118-120
• Johnson, D. (2002) Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check, Mar. Policy, Vol. 26, pp. 261-270
• Johnson, D. (2006) Providing ecotourism excursions for cruise passengers, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 43-54
• Kasimati, E., & Ioakeimidis, P. (2019). Accessible tourism in Greece: What is the current status?. Journal of Ekonomi, 1(1), 12-21.
• Karlis, T. & Polemis, D. (2018) Cruise homeport competition in the Mediterranean, Tourism Management, Vol. 68, pp. 168-176
• Kefala, Th. (2016) Development of Greek ports for their function as cruise ports (homeports), JEAN MONNET European Center of Excellence, June 2016, Retrieved 10/1/2019 from: https://jmce.gr/portal/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Kefala-anaptyksi-twn-limaniwn-ths-elladas-gia-th-leitourgia-tous-ws-limaniwn-afethrias.pdf
• Klein, R.A. (2007) The politics of environmental activism: a case study of the cruise industry and the environmental movement, Sociol. Res., Vol. 2, No. 2
• Klein, R.A. (2009) Paradise lost at sea: Rethinking cruise vacations, Halifax: Fernwood Publishing
• Klein, R.A. (2010) Cruises and bruises: Safety, security and social issues on polar cruises, in Luck, M., Maher, P.T. & Steward, E. (Eds.) (2010). Cruise tourism in polar regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability, London: Earthscan Ltd, pp. 54-74
• Klein, R. A. (2011) Responsible Cruise Tourism: Issues of Cruise Tourism and Sustainability, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol. 18, pp. 107-116
• Lekakou, M. & Tzannatos, E. (2000) Cruising and sailing: A new tourist product for the Ionian Sea, Essays in Honor of Emeritus Professor M. Raphael, pp. 475-496, University of Piraeus
• Lekakou, M. & Pallis, A. (2005) Cruising the Mediterranean Sea: Market structures and EU policy initiatives, Aegean Working Papers, Volume 2, No. 1, pp. 45-61
• Lekakou, M., Pallis, A. A. & Vaggelas, G. K. (2009) Which homeport in Europe: the cruise industry’s selection criteria, Tourismos: Int. Multidisciplinary J. Tour., Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 215-240
• Lekakou, M., Pallis, A. A. & Vaggelas, K. G. (2009a) Is this a home-port? An analysis of the cruise industry’s selection criteria, International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Conference, 24-26 2009
• Lekakou, M., Pallis, A. A. & Vaggelas, K. G. (2009b) The potential of Piraeus as a major Mediterranean cruise home-port: A selection criteria analysis, Conference: 4th International Scientific Conference, Rhodes, Greece
• Lekakou, M. & Stefanidaki, E. (2015) Action plan for marine and sport tourism in the Cyclades, UNWTO, University of the Aegean, Tourism Research and Studies Laboratory, May 2015, Retrieved 1/1/2019 from: http://tourismobservatory.ba.aegean.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/P4.1-Θαλάσσιος-Τουρισμός-2.pdf
• Lekakou, M., Stefanidaki, E. & Vaggelas, G. (2009c) The economic impact of cruise to local economies. The case of ofan island, Conference: 4th International Conference of the Aegean University “Plainning for the future – Learning from the Past: Contemporary Developments in Tourism, Travel & Hospitality”
• Lekakou, M., Stefanidaki, E. & Vaggelas, G. (2011) The economic impact of cruise to local economies. The case of an island, Athens Tourism Conference, 2-3 February 2011, Athens Greece
• Liu, C. J. & Var, T. (1986) Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 193-214
• London, W. R. & Lohmann, G. (2014) Power in the context of cruise destination stakeholders’ interrelationships, Res. Transport. Bus. Manag., Vol. 13, pp. 24-35
• Mancini, (2014) Cruising. AGuide to the Cruise Line Industry, 2a. ed. Thomson. Delmar Learning
• Marsh, E. A. (2012) The effects of cruise ship tourism in coastal heritage cities, J. Cult. Herit. Manag. Sust. Dev., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 190-199
• Marusic, A., Horak, S. & Tomljenovic, R. (2008) The socio-economic impact of cruise tourism: A case study of Croatian destinations, Tourism in Marine Environments, Vol. 5, No. 2-3, pp. 131-144
• McCarthy, (2003) Spatial planning, tourism and regeneration in historic port cities, disP-The Planning Review, Vol. 39, No. 154, pp. 19-25
• McCaughey, R., Mao I. & Dowling, R. (2018) Residents’ perceptions towards cruise tourism development: the case of Esperance, Western Australia, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 403-408
• McIntosh, R. W., Goeldner, C.R. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1995) Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies (7th ed.) London: John Wiley and Sons
• McKee D. L. & Ghase G. L. (2003) The economic impact of cruise tourism on Jamaica, Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 16-22
• MedCruise (2017) MedCruise Report Statistics 2017, Ανακτήθηκε στις 20/11/2018 από: http://www.medcruise.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/cruise_activities_in_medcruise_ports-statistics_2017_final_0.pdf
• Moira, P. & Mylonopoulos, D. (2010) Passenger’s satisfaction from cruising. Case studies from Greece, International Journal of Culture and Tourism Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 139-150
• Ναυτεμπορική, Πώς η Ελλάδα μπορεί να γίνει κέντρο ανεφοδιασμού με LNG (30/5/2018), Ανακτήθηκε στις 14/1/2019 από: https://www.naftemporiki.gr/finance/story/1355038/pos-i-ellada-mporei-na-ginei-kentro-anefodiasmou-me-lng Niavis, S. & Vaggelas, G. (2016) An empirical model for assessing the effect of ports’ and hinterlands’ characteristics on honeports’ potential: The case of Mediterranan ports, Maritime Business Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 186-207
• Niavis, S. & Tsiotas, D. (2018) Decomposing the price of the cruise product into tourism and transport attributes: Evidence from the Mediterranean Market, Tourism Management, Vol. 67, pp. 98-110
• Organization of Research & Analysis, The challenge of cruising, Retrieved by 1/12/2018 from: https://www.dianeosis.org/research/cruise_industry_in_greece/, Pallis, Th., Vaggelas, G. Arapi, K., Kladaki, P. & Papachristou, A. (2017) The Growth Perspective of the Cruise Departure in Greece, Oktober 2017, Organization of Research & Analysis, Retrieved by 15/12/2018 from: https://www.dianeosis.org./research/cruise_industry_in_greece/limania_krouaziera_final_upd_4.10.17.pdf
• Papathanassis, Α. & Beckmann, I. (2011) Assessing the poverty of cruise theory hypothesis, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No.1, pp. 153-174
• Papatheodorou, A. (2006) The cruise industry: An industrial organization perspective, Cruise Ship Tourism, pp.31-40
• Paramati, R. S., Alam, Md. S. & Chen C. F. (2017) The effects of Tourism on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions: A comparison between Developed and Developing Economies, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 712-724
• Perce, M., Terzi, S., Al-Jawasreh, M. I. R., Bommarito, C., Calgaro, L., Fogarin, S., Russo, E., Marcomini, A. & Linkov, I. (2018) Selecting sustainable alternatives for cruise ships in Venice using multi – criteria decision analysis, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 642, pp. 668-678
• Pizam, A. (2008) Space tourism: New market opportunities for hotels and cruise lines. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 489-490
• Pulina, M., Meleddu, M. & Del Chiappa, G. (2013) Residents’ choice probability and tourism development, Tourism Management Perspectives, Vol. 5, ppp. 57-67
• Ritter, W. & Scafer, C. (1998) Cruise tourism, Tour. Receat. Res., Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 65-71
• Rodrigue, J.-P. & Notteboom, T. (2013) The geography of cruises: itineraries, not destinations, Appl. Geogr., Vol. 38, pp. 31-42
• Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C. & Slack, B. (2013) The geography of transport systems (3rd ed.), Routledge: Abingdon
• Rosa-Jimenez, C., Perea-Medina, B., Andrade, J. M. & Nebot, N. (2018) An examination of the territorial imbalance of the cruising activity in the main Mediterranean port destinations: Effects on sustainable transport, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 68, pp. 94-101
• Sanz Blas, S. & Carvajal-Trujillo, E. (2014) Cruise passengers’ experiences in a Mediterranean port of call. The case study of Valencia, Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 102, pp. 307-316
• Scarfe, B. L. (2011). Victoria as a Port – of - Call: The Costs and Benefits of Cruise Ship Visits. A report prepared for the James Bay Neighbourhood Association Scherrer, P. Smith, A. J. & Dowling, R. K. (2011) Visitor management practices and operational sustainability: Expedition cruising in the Kimberley, Australia, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1218-1222
• SETE (Oktober 2018), Synthetic study on Maritime Tourism, (yachting, cruise and ferry), Retrieved by 14/1/2019 from: http://www.insete.gr/el-gr/Dashboard/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82-I%CE%9D%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%A4%CE%95/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1 Silvestre, L. A., Santos, M. C. & Ramalho, C. (2008) Satisfaction and Behavioural Intentions of Cruise Passengers Visiting the Azores, Tourism Economics, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 169-184
• Shahzad, H. J. S., Shahbaz, Muhammad, Ferrer, Román & Kumar, R.R. (2017) Tourism-led growth hypothesis in the top ten tourist destinations: New evidence using the quantile-on-quantile approach, Tourism Management, Vol. 60, pp. 223-232
• Simantiraki, E. & Skivalou, M. (2013) Cruise Ship Tourism: Development and Prospects for the town of Aghios Nikolaos (Crete, Greece), Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism (ICOT 2013), Trends, Impacts and Policies on Sustainable Tourism Development, Limassol, Cyprus 5-8 June 2013
• Simantiraki, E., Skivalou, M. & Trihas, N. (2015) Cruise Passengers’Experiences in the Medoterranean Port of Call: The Case of Agios Nikolaos, 1st International Conference on Experiential Tourism, Santorini, Greece, 2015
• Stefanidaki, E. & Lekakou, M. (2012), M. Generated Economic Impact on Cruise Destinations: The Piraeus Case, Cruise Tourism and Society, pp. 69-84
• Stewart, E. J. & Draper, D. (2006) Sustainable cruise tourism in Arctic Canada: An integrated coastal management approach, Tourism in Marine Environments, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-88
• Stewart, E. J., Howell, S. E. L., Draper, D., Yackel, J. & Tivy,A. (2007) Sea ice in Canada’s Arctic: Implications for cruise tourism, Arctic, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 370-380
• Sun, X., Jiao, Y. & Tian, P. (2011) Marketing research and revenue optimization for cruise industry: A concise review, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 746-755
• Sun, X., Feng, X. & Gauri, K. D. (2014) The cruise industry in China: Efforts, progress and challenges, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 42, pp. 71-84
• Tang, C. F. & Tan, E. C. (2013) How stable is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis in Malaysia? Evidence from Disaggregated Tourism Markets, Tourism Management, Vol. 37, pp.52-57
• Tang, C. F. & Tan, E. C. (2017) Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A New Global Evidence, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, pp. 1-8
• Teye, V. B. & Leclerc, D. (1998) Product and service delivery satisfaction among North American cruise passengers, Tourism Management, Vol. 19, pp. 153-160
• Tosun, C. (2002) Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 231-253
• Troumpetas, S., Giannas, D., Beneki, C. & Lymperis, G. (2015) Port authority’s cruise revenues determinants and estimation: the port of Heraklion case, Econship 2015 Conference Proceedings 2015
• Union of Greek Ports (Ε.LI.ΜΕ.) Statistics, Cruise Data 2010-2018, Retreived by 10/1/2019 from: www.elime.gr
• United Nations World Tourism Organization (2012) Annual Report, 2012, (Madrid: UNWTO, 2012) Ανακτήθηκε στις 26/12/2018 από: http://www2.unwto.org/publication/unwto-annual-report-2012
• United Nations World Tourism Organization (2017) Tourism Highlights, 2017 edition (Madrid: UNWTO, 2017) Ανακτήθηκε στις 26/12/2018 από: http://www2.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2017
• Vaggelas, G. K. & Pallis, A. (2016) GREPORT 2016: Report on Greek Ports, Piraeus: Ports &Shipping Advisory
• Vaya, E., Garcia, R. J., Murillo, J., Romani, J. & Surinach, J. (2018) Economic impact of cruise activity: the case of Barcelona, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 479-492
• Vernon, J., Essex, S., Pinder, D. & Curry, K. (2005) Collaborative policymaking: Local sustainable projects, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 325-345
• Wild, P. & Dearing, J. (2000) Development of and prospects for cruising in Europe, Maritime Policy and Management, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 315-333
• Wilkinson, P. F. (1999) Carribean cruise tourism: Delusion? Illusion? Tourism Geographics, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 261-282
• Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F. & Bilim, Y. (2010) Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and conative loyalty, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, pp. 274-284